Read part one: Civil War General John “Black Jack” Logan: “The Radiant Incarnation of War.”

In the early evening hours of February 28, 1879, steam blasted up into the air as a train slowly pulled into the station, whistle blowing, in Washington, D.C., to be greeted by several thousand cheering people. Waiting on the platform to greet the US Senator on board was one of the giants of the former anti-slavery and now black civil rights movement of the nineteenth century: Frederick Douglas. The Senator he greeted with a hardy handshake was once one of the most strident pro-slavery politicians of the northern states. That man was former Union Army general and now Senator John “Black Jack” Logan.

It’s unlikely that Douglas ever thought Logan would be a man he would honor. In 1853, while a member of the Illinois Legislature, Logan helped pass a law prohibiting free blacks from migrating to Illinois. He was so personally connected to that bigoted legislation that it became known as Logan’s Black Law. As Logan and Douglas entered the carriage drawn by four sturdy white horses, with fireworks flashing in the sky above them, Logan, the pre-war white supremacist bigot, was now a civil rights warrior.

A brass band greeted Logan and Douglas as they emerged from the carriage at the Willard Hotel. Logan strode to the podium, smiling below his always impressive mustache and waving his hat, and regaled the crowd with a rousing speech. His was one of the most amazing political transformations in U.S. history. Considered by many to be the most successful political general of the Civil War. The former Democratic Party congressman and now, recently ousted from his Senate seat, was once again in the Senate and was about to reach the peak of his power.

Logan left the army on July 13, 1865. At that time, he was one of the most well-known generals of the Civil War. “Harper's New Monthly Magazine” said, “Such men are the strength of our country.” Today, however, he is little known by Americans outside of Civil War buffs.

(Left: "Black Jack" as he looked as a veteran general of the Federal Army.)

President Andrew Johnson offered him the position of Minister (Ambassador) to Mexico, which he refused, and then to Japan, which he also refused. His political ambitions were in this country. On April 29, 1866, Logan gave his first speech memorializing the Union dead of the war at Woodlawn Cemetery in Carbondale. Major Benjamin Franklin Stevenson had begun a veterans organization that would come to be known as the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). He contacted Logan, who was instrumental in organizing it along with Illinois Governor Oglesby.

In August 1866, Logan restarted his pre-war political career when he was nominated to run for his old Congressional seat. But it was the Republican Party's nomination now, not the Democratic Party. He had campaigned for Lincoln in 1864, and now he came out fully as a Republican. The Congressional seat was an initial move, but he now considered Congress a backward step and wanted to be a senator and perhaps more. Logan used the Democrats' weak support of the war and his own service in the war extensively. Campaigning in the post-war period by invoking war service, while pointing out the Democrats' history of support of slavery, came to be called “waving the bloody shirt.” Logan became an expert at it, and his role in helping to organize the GAR aided him in that.

(Below: A G.A.R. cap emblem.)

He was elected to the “at-large” congressional seat, representing the entire state, with 57% of the vote. He had first served in the House as a pro-slavery Democrat before the war, saying of Republicans, “with that side I will never affiliate as long as I have breath in my body.” Now, still very much breathing, however, he returned as a radical Republican in 1867.

Logan began speaking in support of Republicans in other states and pressing for negro suffrage. He was acknowledged by most as a very good orator. An Illinois paper once said, “never was a more thorough, candid, and eloquent defense of Republicanism heard from the lips of man.” Hyperbolic, no doubt, as was common in the 19^th century, but an exaggeration that one would only use for a speech that had to be quite good. 

(Below: The G.A.R. would continue well into the 20th century.
This program cover is from their 1900 Encampment.)

In a speech in Ohio in 1867, the former pro-slavery Congressman spoke in favor of giving blacks there the vote, saying, “They are made the same as you and I; but they are black, that is all the difference.” And, “If you won’t allow a man to vote because he has black skin, you have the right to say I shall not vote because I have black hair.” This was an incredible reversal for the man who once sponsored a law to keep free black out of Illinois and went well beyond what most white Americans believed at the time.

He was welcomed around Ohio with signs proclaiming him the “Soldier-Orator of the West.” One friendly journalist wrote a campaign song for the 1^st generation Irish-American set to the tune of “Wearin’ of the Green,” that included this stanza:

Ohio too has boys in blue and proudly she can tell
Of heroes, Grant and Sherman, and her glorious Little Phil
But with tongue and pen and saber, none a Copperhead annoys
Dreads more than John A. Logan, he who hails from Illinois.

Not inspired songwriting, but an indication of the esteem Logan was beginning to have in the party.

In January 1868, Logan was elected the 2^nd commander of the GAR in their Philadelphia convention. It was then becoming a nationwide organization and wielding extensive political power. The organization would prove to be of great political benefit to him.

Logan was one of the House leaders in the move to impeach Andrew Johnson and was appointed one of the “House Managers” who presented the case to the Senate. Johnson’s acquittal was by the very thinnest of margins, as he was famously saved by one vote in the Senate. Still, this helped Logan’s political career. He was endorsed by many back home as a candidate for governor, but he wasn’t interested in the job.

On May 5, 1868, as commander of the GAR, Logan issued General Orders No. 11, which established May 30^th as a date for the purpose of “strewing flowers, or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country.” His wife, Mary, later claimed the genesis of this was a ceremony commemorating Confederate war dead that she witnessed in Petersburg, VA, in March 1868.

Nearly every decent-sized city in the north celebrated across the northern states that first Decoration Day. Logan later said, “It was the proudest act of my life.” It was an official holiday in all but nine former Confederate states by 1910 and is now celebrated in every state. The name “Memorial Day” gradually replaced “Decoration Day” in the early 20^th century

In May 1868, at the Republican convention in Chicago, Logan gave the speech nominating his old friend, Ulysses Grant, for president. His stock was rising within the party.

Logan was reelected in 1868 and 1870 to his 5^th term in the House, his 3^rd as a Republican after two prewar terms as a Democrat. He worked hard to restrict the power of the Army, now headed by Sherman. Sherman believed this was because Logan still held a grudge for not being given command of the Army of Tennessee when General McPherson was killed in the Battle of Atlanta. On the other hand, Logan alway supported the volunteer soldier he revered, introducing relief bills for rank-and-file war veterans. In late 1870, he was making plans to get the Republican nomination for the Senate. 

He was elected to the Senate by the Republican-led Illinois legislature over the sitting Republican senator, Richard Oglesby, in January 1871. Mary helped, campaigning long and hard for John. Oglesby told her he was afraid that if he talked to her for a while, “I might leave your presence a Logan man.” Many believed Logan now had ambitions to be president.

He and Mary moved from Carbondale to Chicago in September 1871. His home survived the Great Fire in October. He and Phil Sheridan helped maintain order in the city. Later gave a report of the tragedy to the Senate. “Can anyone having witnessed this sad scene do less than plead for the ruined city.”

(Left: A Currier & Ives print of the Great Chicago Fire.)

Though he and Grant had disagreed on some issues and drifted apart, Logan still supported him in 1872. He was one of Grant’s best surrogate speakers around the country.

His name came up in relation to the Credit Mobilier stock scandals in 1873, but he had only owned a small amount of the stock. He avoided any serious damage, but he lost a lot of money during the financial panic of 1873. He would have continuing money problems into the future.

In December 1875, the rheumatism that had plagued him since the cold nights at Fort Donelson nearly killed him. He fully recovered, however, and there was talk of him for the Republican presidential nomination in 1876, but Rutherford B. Hayes was nominated.

Logan campaigned for Hayes (right) in several states. He galvanized crowds around the northern states as he  “waved the bloody shirt” of Hayes being a Union veteran while Democrat Tildon was not, and assailed the Democrats as the party of secession.

In January 1877 Logan lost the Republican nomination for Senator. Democrats were joyful. “The retirement of the meanest Radical demagogue in the US Senate is a great Democratic victory,” one paper crowed. Though his foes had attempted to connect him to various financial scams, he left the Senate with little money. In 1878, however, he ran for the other Illinois Senate seat and once again displaced Oglesby, then the sitting Senator from the other Illinois seat, as the Republican nominee.

When Logan arrived in DC in February 1879, he was met at the station by Frederick Douglas, as described above. Visions of the Oval Office may have been dancing in his head. Leading up to the 1880 presidential election, Logan threw his support behind a return to office of Grant for a 3^rd term, which was still legal at the time.

Logan and three other orators spoke for Grant at an event in Chicago during the campaign, with Mark Twain in attendance, and impressed the famous writer. Twain wrote his wife, “I've just come to my room, Livy darling, I guess this was the memorable night of my life. By George, I never was so stirred since I was born. I heard four speeches which I can never forget.” Grant led in all early ballots, but eventually lost out to compromise candidate James Garfield on the 36^th ballot.

(Left: Logan as drawn by the famous 19th century political cartoonist, Thomas Nash.)

In March, Logan was influential in defeating a bill to overturn the Court-Martial conviction of General Fitz-John Porter for his actions at the Battle of 2^nd Manassas. Sherman may have had a point regarding Logan’s vindictive attitude toward career Army officers. Like most men, he was not perfect, and his capacity to hold a grudge was one of his character flaws. In 1886, Porter’s conviction was commuted by President Grover Cleveland, and a special act of Congress restored Porter's commission.

Also in March, Logan had a man visit his offices in Washington twice, making demands about wanting a recommendation to be consul-general to France. Logan blew him off. He was lucky to survive that interaction. The man’s name was Charles Guiteau. He would mortally wound President Garfield on July 2^nd.

In 1883, many Republicans began to tout Logan as a possible presidential candidate. The GAR once again helped his campaign, stating that, “No man who served in the Union Army is more popular than he with the old soldiers. He stands especially high with the Grand Army of the Republic.”

He was strongly supported by the brand-new voting bloc of black Americans. Frederick Douglass said of him, “He has a backbone like the Brooklyn Bridge.” He was also endorsed by Grant. But the lack of support from Eastern states hampered him. He was beaten out for the nomination by Senator Jame Blaine of Maine. But, by throwing his votes to Blaine on the final ballot, he put Blaine over the top and helped to secure the Vice Presidential nomination for himself.

Blaine and Logan lost a very close election to Democrat Grover Cleveland. Logan very nearly lost his Senate seat as well, winning the vote in the Illinois legislature by one vote.

Despite the disappointment of the presidential election, Logan was once again greeted as a hero by the black population of Washington. African-American military units lined the route to his home. He was serenaded by an African-American choir. A black orator gave a speech in which he called Logan “humane and courageous” and went on to say of black Americans, “They knew that the black race has but a few to champion their cause at the present time, but in you they recognize a strong defender of their rights.” The man who once championed a law to keep free blacks out of Illinois had come full circle on racial justice. Later that year, he championed a bill to help fund schools for black children, but it failed in the House.

In the summer of 1885, Logan published a series of fictional Civil War stories in the “National Tribune.” And he began collecting material for a history of the war. It was another attempt to alleviate his financial problems.

Logan was also traveling over the country, preparing for a run at the 1888 Republican presidential nomination. During a trip to New York in the early summer of 1885, Logan and his wife visited the dying Grant. Sheridan and Grant were among the few West Point officers with whom Logan had always gotten along. They reminisced over their wartime experiences as Grant struggled to finish his memoirs. When Grant died in July, Logan was one of his pallbearers.

(Left: Grant's funeral.)

In September, the Logans bought a house in the Columbia Heights section of Washington and settled in, ready for it to be Logan’s base to plan his run for the White House in 1888. “I have never felt so light-hearted and hopeful for the future in all these long 30 years of drudgery and vexation and anxiety through which we pulled together, “ wrote Mary to her daughter. This contentment would be short-lived, unfortunately.

Logan spent much of 1885 working on his history of the war, which he called “The Great Conspiracy.” It was published early in 1886 and covered the period from the pre-war years through reconstruction. As the title might indicate, it was as much a political history as a military one. It was not well-reviewed, and the sales were sluggish.

He championed another bill to help eliminate illiteracy with an emphasis on the problem of black illiteracy. “I do not know why the white man, with all his advantages and all the privileges that he has had in this government in times past, should fear the colored man. He should rather reach out his hand to him and say, ‘while you are struggling down in that pit of ignorance and despair, I will, with what strength I have, take your hand and lift you up to the plane where we should both stand, having an equal and fair chance in life.’” No doubt, he was far ahead of most of the country on the question of equal rights.

(Right: Mary Logan.)

Logan began work on another book and traveled extensively throughout that country as he built support for his possible presidential campaign during 1886. His health began to deteriorate. On December 9^th, an attack occurred at the Capitol Building. He thought it was a return of his rheumatism, but his condition continued to deteriorate. By December 26, it was clear that Logan was dying. He passed away at 3:15 PM surrounded by family and friends.

Logan was just sixty years old and possibly on the verge of winning the Republican presidential nomination. People in Illinois were shocked. The Illinois State Journal called his death, “the most shocking to the nation since Lincoln, because Black Jack died in his prime, before his time.” The Chicago Tribune called his death an “irreparable national loss.”

Tributes to the “Black Eagle” flowed out from around the country, even from many of his political enemies. One said of Logan, “more than almost any man in my remembrance, the typical American of the Western states.” A black newspaper in Alabama wrote, “But few deaths in many years past so touched the public heart.” It was truly a catastrophic loss for black Americans. Given his dedication to black civil rights, one wonders how four or eight years of a Logan presidency might have changed the tragic history of that movement in the first half of the 20^th century.

His body lay in state at the National Rotunda on December 30, with members of the G.A.R as guards. Funeral services were run from the Senate chamber the next day. General Sherman attended despite their long antagonistic relationship. General Sheridan led the procession to the Rock Creek Cemetery.

Logan was later reburied in a newly constructed mortuary chapel at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery in Washington on December 26, 1888, the 2^nd anniversary of his death.

The indomitable Mary, 13 years John’s junior, would outlive him by thirty-seven years, not dying until February 22, 1923, and she did not withdraw from public life. She continued her husband’s support of veterans and of the G.A.R. and was loved by its members. She was active in the women’s suffrage movement, published “Home Magazine” for several years, and then wrote for William Randolph Hearst’s papers for many years after that. In the early 20^th century, she served as the president of the American Red Cross. She also wrote a number of books, including “Reminiscences of a Soldier’s Wife.” Much like the widow of George Armstrong Custer, Mary fiercely defended her husband's legacy for the rest of her life.

Despite his problems with West Point officers, Logan got his son, John Jr., an appointment there. John Jr. served only two years in the army after graduation, but he returned during the Spanish-American War. He served in Cuba during the war, then continued to serve during the Philippine Insurrection. He was killed leading the 33rd Volunteer Infantry, US Army, during a battle at San Jacinto, Philippine Islands, on November 11, 1899. He was later awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for his service that day.

(Left: John Logan Jr.)

Memorials to Logan can still be seen around the nation today. Counties were named for him in Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and North Dakota. A college and a junior high school in Illinois, and a high school in Wisconsin, and an elementary school in Washington DC were named for him.

There are two equestrian statues of Logan, one in Grant Park in Chicago and the other in Logan Circle, an area also named for him, in Washington DC. Logan is also one of only three individuals, along with Grant and Lincoln, mentioned by name in the Illinois state song:

On the record of thy years,
Abraham Lincoln's name appears,
Grant and Logan, and our tears,
Illinois, Illinois,
Grant and Logan, and our tears, Illinois.

At his death, Logan was surely one of the most celebrated men in the nation, both as a military hero and eminent politician. Today, however, most people who see his statues, live in counties named for him, attend “Logan” schools, or hear the Illinois state song, have little or no idea who he was. Nor do most Americans know anything about his key role in establishing Memorial Day.

That is unfortunate, because Logan’s life was certainly one of the most interesting and consequential during a crucial period of US history. Had he lived another decade, he might have become very well remembered as a president, or perhaps somewhat more remembered as a losing presidential candidate.

The reality of Logan’s life is that he was a fascinating, extremely competent general and politician. As a general, his rise to the command of a corps, with little military experience and none commanding large formations, was astounding. He was fearless in battle, which very nearly got him killed early in the war, at Fort Donelson. But this near-death experience had no effect on his dangerous “lead from the front” style of command during the rest of the war. What he lacked in military education, he made up for with his ability to inspire men to follow him in battle.

An infantryman from an Iowa regiment said after the war, “No one can describe how Logan looked in battle any more than he could describe the raging sea. I am satisfied that the biggest coward in the world would stand on his head on top of the breastworks if Logan was present and told him to do so."

He was a complicated and surely flawed man, as are most men, but one who underwent a moral transformation from one extreme to the other on the most consequential issue of that era of American history. Most men are changed by war, but for Logan, politically and morally, that transformation was extraordinary.

Though some may have questioned if his conversion from pro-slavery bigot to black rights advocate was sincere, he never wavered, even at times when holding to his extreme position might have cost him some support. Frederick Douglas and others in the black community never doubted his support of their cause. John “Black Jack” Logan lived a life that deserves to be remembered.

Read part one: Civil War General John “Black Jack” Logan: “The Radiant Incarnation of War.”

RELATED LINKS:

"Black Jack": John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era" by Jones, James Pickett. Southern Illinois University Press.

“Black Jack Logan: An Extraordinary Life In Peace And War” by Gary L. Ecelbarger. Lyons Press

“John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois” by James Pickett Jones. Southern Illinois University Press

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John Logan Museum

Mary Logan’s Courage during the Civil War

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