by Turtle Bunbury

Bridget Mooney and her four young brothers were putting the final touches on a large snowman outside their wooden cabin in County Mayo when the hurricane struck. The Mooneys did not know the hurricane was coming. Nobody in Ireland knew.

Today, we get on first-name terms with our hurricanes long before they threaten Irish shores. Sandy, Charlie, Katrina, Irene. [1] We watch them coming in on the weather forecast and we know its time to button down and wrap up warm.

But back on 6th January 1839, the entire island of Ireland was subjected to a tempest of such ferocity that it became the date by which all other events were measured. The Night of the Big Wind - known as ‘Oiche na Gaoithe Moire’ - was the JFK assassination or the 9/11 of the 19th century. It was the most devastating storm ever recorded in Irish history and made more people homeless in a single night than all the sorry decades of eviction that followed it. And if there was one place you didn’t want to be that dreadful Sunday night, it was inside a wooden cabin in County Mayo.

The calm before the Big Wind struck was particularly eerie. Most of the eight million people living in Ireland at the time were preparing themselves for Little Christmas, the Feast of the Epiphany. The previous day had seen the first snowfall of the year; heavy enough for the Mooneys to build their snowman. By contrast, Sunday morning was unusually warm, almost clammy, and yet the air was so still that, along the west coast, voices could be heard floating on the air between houses more than a mile apart

At approximately 3 o’clock in the afternoon, the rain began to fall and the wind picked up. Nobody could possibly have predicted that those first soft raindrops signified an advance assault from the most terrifying hurricane in human memory. By 6 o’clock, the winds had become strong and the raindrops were heavier, sleet-like, with occasional bursts of hail. Farmers grimaced as their hay-ricks and thatched roofs took a pounding. In the towns and villages, fires flickered and doors slammed. Church bells chimed and dogs began to whine. Fishermen turned their ears west; a distant, increasingly loud rumble could be heard upon the frothy horizon.

Mrs Mooney shouted for her children to come inside this instant. At Glenosheen in County Cork, a well-to-do German farmer called Jacob Stuffle began to cry. At Moydrum Castle in County Westmeath, 78-year-old Lord Castlemaine decided to turn in early and go to bed. In the Wicklow Mountains, a team of geographic surveyors headed up by John O’Donovan, finally made it to their hotel in Glendalough; they had been walking all day, often knee-deep in snow. Sailing upon the Irish Sea, Captain Smyth of the Pennsylvania studied his instruments and tried to make sense of the fluctuating pressures.

By 10 o’clock, Ireland was in the throes of a ferocious cyclone that would continue unabated until 6 o’clock in the morning. The hurricane had roared across 3000 miles of unbroken, island-free Atlantic Ocean, gathering momentum every second. It hit Ireland’s west coast with such power that the waves actually broke over the top of the Cliffs of Moher. Reading contemporary accounts, the impression is that if we did not have such magnificent cliffs forming a barrier along our west coast, the entire country would simply have been engulfed by water. The noise of the sea crashing against the rocks could be heard for miles inland, above the roar and din of the storm itself. The earth trembled under the assault; the ocean tossed huge boulders onto the cliff-tops of the Aran Islands.

Perhaps the most terrifying aspect of the hurricane was that it took place in utter darkness. People cannot have known what was going on. The wind churned its way across the land, extinguishing every candle and lantern it encountered. The darkness was relieved only by the lightning streaks that accompanied the storm and the occasional blood-red flicker of the aurora borealis burning in the northern sky.

All across the country, hundreds of thousands of people awoke to the sound of the furious tempest, their windows shattered by hailstones, their brick-walls rattling, their rain-sodden thatched roofs sinking fast. As the wind grew stronger, it began to rip the roofs off houses. Chimney pots, broken slates, sheets of lead and shards of glass were hurtled to the ground. (Rather astonishingly, someone later produced a statistic that 4,846 chimneys were knocked off their perches during the Night of the Big Wind). Many of those who died that night were killed by such falling masonry. Norman tower houses and old churches collapsed. Factories and barracks were destroyed. Fires erupted in the streets of Castlebar, Athlone and Dublin. The wind blew all the water out of the canal at Tuam. It knocked a pinnacle off Carlow Cathedral and a tower off Carlow Castle. [3] It stripped the earth alongside the River Boyne, exposing the bones of soldiers killed in the famous battle 150 years earlier. Roads and railway tracks in every parish became impassable. All along the Grand Canal, trees were pulled up by the roots and hurled across the water to the opposite bank.

The Mooney’s timber cabin was one of thousands destroyed by the storm. Surviving inhabitants had no choice but to flee into the pitch-black night in clothes that were presumably soon utterly drenched by the intense rains and snows which accompanied that cruel, piercing wind. The Mooney family sought shelter in a hedge outside Castlebar; they survived the night but the parents caught a fatal fever and died soon afterwards, leaving five homeless orphans.

Farmers were hit particularly hard. Hay-ricks in fields across Ireland were blown to pieces. Wooden fences and dry-stone walls collapsed, allowing fearful livestock to run away. Sheep were blown off mountains or killed by tumbling rocks. Cattle were reported to have simply frozen to death in the fields. The next morning, one of Jacob Stuffle’s neighbour recalled seeing the distraught German ‘standing high up on a hillock looking with dismay at his haggard farm … his comfortable well-thatched stacks swept out of existence. Suddenly, he raised his two hands, palms open, high over his head, and looking up at the sky he cried out in the bitterness of his heart, in a voice that was heard all over the village 'Oh, God Almighty, what did I ever do to You and You should thrate (treat) me in that way!'

Stuffle was not the only man who believed the hurricane, occurring on the night of the Epiphany, was of Divine origin. Many saw it as a warning that the Day of Judgment would soon be here. Some believed the Freemasons had unleashed the Devil from the Gates of Hell and failed to get him back in again. Others maintained this was simply the night the English fairies invaded Ireland and forced our indigenous Little People to disappear amid a ferocious whirlwind. (Irish fairies, of course, are wingless and can only fly by calling up the sidhe chora - the magic whirlwinds).

The well-to-do did not escape; many mansions had their roofs stripped off. Lord Castlemaine was fastening his bedroom window when the storm blew the windows open and hurled him ‘so violently upon his back that he instantly expired’. His brother-in-law, the Earl of Clancarty, later reported the loss of nearly 20,000 trees on his estate at Ballinasloe. Similar figures came in from other landed estates in every county; one landlord declared his woods were now ‘as bald as the palm of my hand’. On January 6th 1839, timber was a valuable commodity. 24 hours later, so many trees had fallen that timber was virtually worthless. Millions of wild birds were killed, their nesting places smashed and there was no birdsong that spring. Even crows and jackdaws were on the verge of extinction.

In his hotel room in Glendalough, John O’Donovan was fortunate not to share Lord Castlemaine’s fate. He was struggling with the shutters when ‘a squall mighty as a thunderbolt’ propelled him across the room. When he viewed the damage next morning, he described it as if ‘the entire country had been swept clean by some gigantic broom’.

Dublin resembled ‘a sacked city …the whirlwind of desolation spared neither building, tree nor shrub’. The Liffey rose by several feet and overflowed the quay walls. The elms that graced the main thoroughfare of the Phoenix Park were completely levelled, as were the elms at the Royal Hospital Kilmainham. The trees on Leinster Lawn outside the present-day Dail were unrooted and scattered ‘like prostrate giants on their mother earth’. The back wall of the Guinness Brewery collapsed killing ‘nine fine horses’. A witness next morning described how ‘the noble animals [were] stretched everywhere as if sleeping, but with every bone crushed by the ponderous weight of the wall’. Military sentry boxes were blown off their stands and ‘scattered like atoms’. A glass shop on Nassau Street became ‘a heap of ruins’. On Clare Street, a chimney collapsed on a woman who had only just got into her bed, killing her instantly. Police stations and churches opened the door for thousands of terrified citizens who brought their young and frail in for protection. Even churches could not be trusted on this night of Lucifer. The steeple of Irishtown chapel caved in and the bell from the spire of St Patrick’s Cathedral came down like a meteorite; mercifully nobody died in either instance. Phibsborough Road was a bombsite of exploded windows and fallen chimneys ‘as if by shot and shell’. One of the 40 female inmates at the Bethesda Penitentiary on the north-side(where the National Wax Museum stands today) took the opportunity to ignite a fire that destroyed the building as well as the surrounding houses, school-house and chapel. Two firemen died trying to extinguish the flames. [2]

The hurricane did not stop in Dublin. It pounded its way across the Irish Sea, killing hundreds of luckless souls caught at sea. It killed nearly 100 fishermen off the coast of Skerries. It killed Captain Smyth and the 30 people on board the packet-ship Pennsylvania. Ships all along the west coast of England were wrecked; dead bodies continued to wash up onshore for weeks afterwards. At Everton, the same wind unroofed a cotton factory that whitened all the space for miles around, ‘ as if there had been a heavy fall of snow’.
Estimates as to just how many died that night vary from 300 to 800, an astonishingly low figure given the ferocity of the storm. Many more must have succumbed to pneumonia, frostbite or plain old depression in its wake. Those bankrupted by the disaster included hundreds who had stashed their life savings up chimneys and in thatched roofs that disappeared in the night.

Even in those days it was ‘an ill wind that turned none to good’ and among those to benefit were the builders, carpenters, slaters and thatchers. The Big Wind also inspired the Rev Romney Robinson of the Armagh Observatory to invent his world-famous Robinson Cup-anemometer, the standard instrument for gauging wind speed for the rest of the 19th century.

But perhaps the most unlikely beneficiaries of the Night of the Big Wind were those old enough to remember it when the Old Age Pensions Act was enacted in January 1909, 70 years after the event. The Act offered the first ever weekly pension to those over 70. It was likened to the opening of a new factory on the outskirts of every town and village in Britain and Ireland. By March 1909, over 80,000 pensioners were registered of whom 70,000 were Irish! When a committee was sent to investigate this imbalance, it transpired that few births in Ireland were ever registered before 1865. As such, the Irish Pensions Committee decreed that if someone’s age had 'gone astray' on them, they would be eligible for a pension if they could state that they were ‘fine and hardy’ on the Night of the Big Wind. One such applicant was Tim Joyce of County Limerick. 'I always thought I was 60', he explained. 'But my friends came to me and told me they were certain sure I was 70 and as there were three or four of them against me, the evidence was too strong for me. I put in for the pension and got it'.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"The Wrong Kind of Snow," Antony Woodward & Rob Penn (Hodder & Stoughton, 2008).

"The Night of the Big Wind," Peter Carr and Geoffrey Fulton (White Row Press Ltd, 1991)


With thanks to Rob Penn, Michael Purcell, Peter Walker and others.

[1] Such cute and cuddly names inspired me to write to The Irish Times at the height of the swine flu outbreak. To my considerable shock, they actually published the letter on Tuesday, August 4, 2009, and it was read out on Morning Ireland to boot. The letter was entitled 'Preparing for swine flu' and ran as follows:

'Madam, – As I sit here wrestling with an unidentified flu, I find myself compelled to raise an objection to the name of the pandemic presently sweeping the globe. Swine flu is an unpleasant name. It suggests that those infected will develop cloven hooves, stubby feet and curly tails. I was no less impressed with the name bird flu which implies that sufferers will sprout wings and begin clucking.

Can we not take a leaf from the team who bestow such cuddly names upon those devastating hurricanes and cyclones? It is not without precedent – rubella and pneumonia are pretty enough to be characters in a Jane Austen novel. Even the “Spanish flu” had a touch of romance and elegance about it. But being told you have “swine flu” adds insult to injury. It began in Mexico, so perhaps we could call it the Mexican flu, or choose a sweet Mexican name like Chantico or Carlos Santana or Salma Hayek? If I was told I had Salma Hayek, I would feel better immediately. – Yours,etc,TURTLE BUNBURY'

[2] Extract from Gentleman's magazine and historical chronicle, Volume 11, p. 200-201:

"In Ireland, the storm seems to have been even worse than in this island [ie: Britain], and particularly at Dublin which in many places presented the appearance of a sacked city. Houses burning, others unroofed, as if by storm of shot and shell, a few levelled with the ground with all their furniture within, while the rattling of engines cries of firemen and labours of the military resembled the very aspect and mimicry of war. The Bethesda Episcopal chapel and the three adjoining houses were burned to the ground. In Sidney avenue, in the house of Mr Collins, a servant boy and a woman were killed by the falling of a stack of chimneys, and among the most serious sufferers by the gale was Mr Guinness the eminent brewer. The back wall of a large stable on his premises was blown in by the violence of the wind burying under its immense weight nine fine horses. The ball which surmounted the spire of St Patrick's cathedral was blown down as was a portion of the steeple of Irishtown church and Phibsborough church was much injured by stones falling on the roof. The streets were covered with such quantities of broken slates and tiles that they looked as if they were prepared for Macadamisation. The trees in the Rotunda gardens were torn up by the roots. Lady Mountjoy's house was nearly destroyed by the falling of a stack of chimneys and the house of the late lamented Lord Norbury suffered in a similar manner. In Athlone from forty to fifty houses were blown down. Major Gen Sir Parker Carroll, commanding the district, narrowly escaped being crushed by the fall of a stack of chimneys whilst Lord Castlemaine, less fortunate, whilst fastening his bedroom window at his seat Moydrum Castle co Westmeath was thrown so violently on his back that he instantly expired. Entire ricks of hay and corn were carried across the Shannon. The town of Loughrea is nearly all destroyed seven houses burned and 100 levelled to the ground. In the town of Moate 70 houses were consumed. Tullamore is literally devastated. At Garbally, the estate of Earl Clancarty, not a tree is left standing. Two thousand trees at the seat of the Bishop of Meath, Ardbraccan, were blown down. The beautiful American plantations at Oriel Temple, Collon, were almost entirely swept away. Portarlington was literally sacked by the fury of the gale. At Kilkenny the chimney of the new gas works fell and levelled all the other buildings, seven houses were burned. The country around Slane, Co. Meath, presents an awful appearance. One third of the trees in the Marquis of Conyngham's demesne are torn up by the roots. Carlow has suffered much. A mile in length of the wall surrounding Colonel Bruen's demesne at Oak Park was levelled. At the small but picturesque demesne of Lady Bellingham at Castle Bellingham, upwards of 200 of the finest oaks and elms were destroyed. In Belfast, a number of the great factory chimneys were levelled, destroying all buildings in the vicinity. In Newry there was an immense destruction of property and several lives lost. The loss of lives in Ireland as far as it could be ascertained in Dublin was at least 400."

[3] On Thursday, January 6th 1791, the Freeman's Journal (p.3) reported that 'last Saturday morning inhabitants of Carlow experienced the greatest hurricane remembered by the oldest inhabitants. Houses in the vicinity were unroofed, chimnies blown down and trees torn up by the roots, but we hear of no personal injury received by the inhabitants'.



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Mathew Forde wrote: '60,000 trees were lost in Seaforde alone in the Great Wind of 1839: it devasted this area and hardly an oak pre-1839 survives.'

Ingenious Ireland wrote: 'Another legacy of the Big Wind was that it prompted the Irish astronomer Thomas Romney Robinson at Armagh to invent the first effective device for measuring wind speed (an anemometer). It has 4 cups that spin in the wind, and the rate they spin at is clocked. You can see one of his devices, still spinning, on Dun Laoghaire East Pier, where there is now a little weather station.'

-- Read our Q&A with Turtle Bunbury on his "Vanishing Ireland" book series here. --

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