John Redmond addressing a recruiting meeting in Wexford. Above his head was a banner reading "Ireland a Nation."

The British army's 16th "Irish" Division was raised September 11, 1914, part of the second wave of Field Marshal Kitchener's volunteer "New Army" divisions designed to augment Britain's six professional divisions. Kaiser Wilhelm II had described them as a "Contemptible Little Army."

Formed in southern Ireland under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir Lawrence Parsons, himself an Irish Protestant, the division was the embodiment of Nationalist and Catholic Ireland. Indeed, Parsons received orders to clear the division's 47th Brigade of its earlier recruits in order to receive men from the paramilitary National Volunteers who were encouraged to join this "Irish Brigade" by Nationalist MP John Redmond.

After completing training in England, the division sailed to France in December 1915 and was soon put into a battle-worthy state by its new, experienced commander Major-General William Hickie. The division suffered its baptism of fire in April 1916, at Hulluch, where the Germans unleashed one of the most concentrated gas attacks of the war. Although the Irish troops repulsed the enemy, the Division suffered 1,980 casualties, of whom 1,260 were the victims of gas.

British troops going over the top on the first day of the Somme.

By September, the Division was to be found fighting at the Somme, where it achieved great success by capturing the villages of Guillemont and Ginchy, although incurring heavy losses. The fighting ability of 16th Division did not go unnoticed, and it was selected to participate in the successful assault upon Messines Ridge in June 1917, alongside the Unionist Irishmen of 36th "Ulster" Division.

A severe reverse was suffered, however, at the Battle of Langemarck in August, where the division was hurled against impregnable German defences. Between August 2-18, 4,231 men became casualties in the muddy Flanders killing fields. Three months later, on firmer ground, at Cambrai, the division again took 805 casualties in successfully seizing 3,000 yards of German trench, and capturing 635 prisoners. (Read WGT's"Tunnel Trench: The 16th (Irish Division) at Cambrai")

Worse was to follow when the Germans launched their Spring Offensive on March 21st, 1918, and the depleted Irish battalions were assaulted by no less than three divisions of German storm-troopers. By the time 16th Division was relieved on April 3rd, it had suffered 7,149 killed, wounded, and missing, the highest casualties of any division engaged in the battle. In the words of Captain Staniforth, "The Division has ceased to exist, wiped off the map."

From that time onwards, 16th Division lost its Irish identity. Due to the rebirth of Irish republicanism caused by the Easter Rising, no more Irish recruits were forthcoming, and so the Irish battalions were disbanded or reduced to training cadres. The Division was eventually brought up to strength by the transfer of British battalions and thus participated in the final British offensive in Artois in autumn 1918.

By an uncanny coincidence, when the guns fell silent on November 11th, the 16th "Irish" Division was halted upon the battlefield of Fontenoy where, in 1745, the Irish Brigade of France helped Marshall Saxe win a memorable victory over the English. Unfortunately, only one Irish battalion remained within the division to enjoy the irony.

The Composition of the British Army's Irish Regiments

When at full strength a British infantry battalion had just over 1,000 officers and men. They were divided into four companies of 227 men, each company had 4 platoons, and each platoon had 4 sections. The battalion also had a machine gun section, signallers, a horse-drawn ammunition train, medics, and stretcher bearers (usually drawn from the battalion band).

During the first three years of World War 1, 12 infantry battalions were grouped into a Division, divided into three brigades. By the end of 1917 through early 1918, though, the severe losses incurred by the British army, and a chronic lack of replacements, meant that the strength of each division was reduced to nine infantry battalions.

In addition to the 12,000 or so men of the infantry battalions, a British division circa 1914-15 also included a Pioneer battalion (for labour purposes), Field Engineer companies, three brigades of field artillery, one brigade of howitzers, and a battery of heavy guns (some 72 guns in total), a divisional transport train, a cavalry squadron, some 230 medics, and a veterinary detachment to tend to the division's 5,000 horses! In the 16th (Irish) Division, these support formations were not Irish.

The battalions raised by a certain regiment were never grouped together in a single division. This was almost achieved in the 36th (Ulster) Division, where, at one time, seven or eight of the division's 12 battalions were drawn from "The Royal Irish Rifles" (mostly recruited from the unionist Ulster Volunteer Force). The remaining battalions of that division were formed from the two other Ulster-based regiments, The Royal Irish Fusiliers and The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.

By contrast, the 16th Division was assigned battalions drawn from the five southern Irish-based regiments (in addition to non-sectarian battalions of the Royal Irish Fusiliers and the Inniskillings), so there were never more than two or three battalions from the same regiment within the division.

The 1st and 2nd battalions of the various Irish regiments were Regular army formations, and so, for most of the war, were attached to Regular army divisions rather than Territorial Divisions, or Kitchener's "New Army" divisions (to which the three Irish divisions belonged). Thus, 1st Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers and 1st Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers took part in the heroic landings from "The River Clyde" at Gallipoli as part of 29th Division. (This Division was formed from Regular battalions recalled from overseas pre-war colonial service). When Irish recruitment dried up in the wake of the Easter Rising and Irish battalions were forced to disband, or amalgamate, several of the Regular Irish battalions were transfered into the 16th Division to fill in the gaps. —K.C. Punch

Related Links:

• For This Son of Meath, the Somme Holds Particular Resonance

• Saluting Ireland’s Tommies

• Tunnel Trench: 16th (Irish) Division Clears the Way at Cambrai

• American Legion in Ireland

• Singer Promotes WW1 Music of Irish ‘Tommies’

• Crossing Paths with Meath Poet-Soldier Francis Ledwidge

• A Soldier's Story: Sgt. Lawrence F. Condon

• Poet Siegfried Sassoon in Ireland

Related Off-Site Resources

• WGT's Archives: The Irish in World War I
• John Redmond, MP
• The Somme Heritage Center
• Commonwealth War Graves
• Battles: The Battle of Cambrai, 1917 from FirstWorldWar.com.
• Cambrai Operations, 20 November to 7 December 1917 from The Long, L...
• BBC News Feature, 1917-1920: The Road to Partition
• The 16 Irish and 36th Ulster in WWI
• Royal Dublin Fusiliers Assoc.