Don Gray's Posts - The Wild Geese2024-03-28T20:21:31ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGrayhttps://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/68528983?profile=RESIZE_48X48&width=48&height=48&crop=1%3A1https://thewildgeese.irish/profiles/blog/feed?user=1t3oofewb2sm1&xn_auth=noThomas Freeman: Irish Surveyor for Washington, Jefferson and Hamiltontag:thewildgeese.irish,2024-03-09:6442157:BlogPost:3088452024-03-09T04:30:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
<p>Thomas Freeman had a national reputation for precision and trustworthiness. He was a government surveyor, civil - topographical engineer and astronomer during the formative period of the Republic. Freeman was an Irish immigrant who caught the attention of master surveyor George Washington and Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. As a result Freeman had a significant role in laying out the District of Columbia. Freeman was engaged in 1808 as the chief surveyor of the Mississippi…</p>
<p>Thomas Freeman had a national reputation for precision and trustworthiness. He was a government surveyor, civil - topographical engineer and astronomer during the formative period of the Republic. Freeman was an Irish immigrant who caught the attention of master surveyor George Washington and Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. As a result Freeman had a significant role in laying out the District of Columbia. Freeman was engaged in 1808 as the chief surveyor of the Mississippi Territory.[1]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p>George Washington was an avid land surveyor throughout his life. Washington was naturally suited to the challenges presented by laying lines and charting tracts in the Virginia back country. Surveying was a profession that presented the promise of social and financial advancement. At one time Washington owned nearly 70,000 acres. He continued to survey until November 5, 1799, five weeks before his death.[2] <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p><b>Washington's decisive involvement in the French and Indian War, in which he served as lieutenant colonel of the newly formed Virginia Regiment, was due in part to the back country knowledge and map-making skills he had gained from surveying. He gained an understanding of overall strategy, especially in locating strategic geographical points.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></p>
<p>Some of our greatest frontiersmen were surveyors, including George Washington and Daniel Boone, probably the most famous frontiersman of them all. Frontier surveyors found the job dangerous but lucrative. Irishman Thomas Freeman became a very important and successful surveyor in a young America. Another Irish surveyor who was a friend of Thomas Freeman was United Irishman Nicholas Gray. His son Nicholas Jr. was also an accomplished surveyor. Nicholas Gray Jr, was the chief clerk in the office of Thomas Freeman, when he was the Surveyor General South of Tennessee.</p>
<p>The work of Thomas Freeman is still recognized for its accuracy and thoroughness. As one of the pioneers in the field of surveying the public domain, he aided in establishing policies and procedures which were latter incorporated into printed manuals distributed by the General Land Office of the United States.[3]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p>Freeman left no direct descendants and made no effort to preserve his personal papers. No portrait has been found. There has been very little recorded about Freeman's family background, education, and personal life. He came from Ireland to the United States in 1784 and settled in the western part of Pennsylvania in the Red Stone Creek area. While on a tour of his western properties General George Washington recorded in his diary on September 17, 1784, that he had "agreed this day with Major Thomas Freeman to superintend my business over the mountains, upon terms to be inserted in his instructions,"[4] <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p>The letter below is from George Washington to Thomas Freeman, September 23, 1784</p>
<p>[23 September 1784]</p>
<p>Sir,</p>
<p>The situation of my affairs on the Western Waters in the State of Pennsylvania & Virginia, requiring a Superintendent; & you having been pleased to accept the appointment, I must beg leave to point out to you the performance of such duties as are particularly necessary.</p>
<p>These will be to settle Tenants upon my Land; collect the rents which will arise therefrom—the Debts which will proceed from the sale of my copartnership effects—such others as may be due to me from persons living as above; and in general, to act & do (where no particular instruction is given) in the same manner as you would for yourself under like circumstances; endeavouring in all cases by fair & lawful means to promote my interest in this Country.[5] </p>
<p>signed George Washington </p>
<p>Thomas Jefferson, America’s 3rd president in 1773 was hired as a surveyor in Virginia. Jefferson came from a land surveying family as his father, Peter Jefferson was called the “land surveyor for the crown". Thomas Jefferson was the vision behind the Lewis and Clark expedition and promoted surveying during this exploration through the Louisiana Purchase.</p>
<p>President Thomas Jefferson wanted to know what the Louisiana Purchase really was and could be. In August 1803, he sent Lewis and Clark on a mission from St. Louis. For a second trip the president chose Thomas Freeman, a proven surveyor/naturalist, as the leader. This group left from Natchez in April 1806, before the first returned. Successful scientifically, the trip was interrupted by Spanish Military 615 miles upriver, just west of Texarkana, after the Spaniards were tipped about the trip. The Spaniards had not settled on what land they still owned.[6]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p>After visiting Jefferson for dinner,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Thomas Freeman was selected to lead the expedition. Thomas Jefferson states that Freeman is to me, the most exciting man in early Huntsville.</p>
<p><b>Thomas Jefferson Instructions to Thomas Freeman</b></p>
<p>To Thomas Freeman, Esquire April 14th, 1804</p>
<p>The government of the U.S. being desirous of informing itself of the extent of the country lately ceded to them under the name of Louisiana, to have the same with its principal rivers, geographically delineated, to learn the character of its soil, climate, productions, & inhabitants, you are appointed to explore.</p>
<p><b>Doctor. George Hunter of Philadelphia will accompany you, as a fellow labourer & counsellor in the same service, while the ultimate direction of the expedition is left to yourself. He is to make observations, to note courses and to enquire into the same subjects recommended to you. Should the accident of death happen to you, he is to succeed to the direction of the expedition, and to all the powers which you possess. Should he also die, the officer attending you, & subject to your orders, will immediately return with his party in the way he shall deem best bringing the papers & other effects belong to the mission. </b></p>
<p><b>Given under my hand and seal at Monticello this 14th day of April 1804 [7]</b></p>
<p><b>signed Thomas Jefferson</b></p>
<p>In 1810, Thomas Freeman became the Surveyor General South of Tennessee. George Washington had appointed him to survey the boundary line between the United States and Spanish Florida. Freeman served until his death in 1821 and gave stability to a district.</p>
<p>In a vast wilderness where no man knew much about the lands, no one knew more than the surveyors. It was not surprising that most surveyors connected themselves in one way or another with the buying and selling of lands. Surveyors had to hire several hands, chairmen, foresters to cut down brush and timber along the line of survey, and a hunter to provide meat, the occupation was lucrative to who would work long hours under difficult conditions.[8]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p>The Surveyor general, Thomas Freeman, was a man of technical skill and administrative competence. Surveying such an area was dangerous work. There was the problems of high water, difficult terrain, and complex private claims. Freeman added the pirates of the Southwest included a variety of freebooters, pirates and bandits prospered. Freeman described one band of more than five hundred men that counted among its equipment half a dozen armed vessels.[9]</p>
<p>Thomas Freeman, the Surveyor General South of Tennessee, considered that the large number of militant intruders in his district threatened orderly public sales. He thought that even if the lands in the district west of Pearl River could be marketed, the sales “cannot with safety, or propriety, be opened and conducted in that District. It is very evident to me that no gentleman would be safe in that District who would bid for, or purchase any of the squatters’ settlements.”[10]</p>
<p>The following is taken from "Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Vol VI Mississippi" <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p>Thomas Freeman to Josiah Meigs, commissioner of the General Land Office of the United States, at Washington. St Stephens April12th, 1816</p>
<p>I have written to General Andrew Jackson who is now in Orleans informing him of the time and place we should commence our labours, requesting his timely assistance and protection for the Surveyors.</p>
<p>There has been Murders and Robberies in the tract of country we shall be employed in. Our Surveyors will be incapable of protecting themselves. t The Indians are embittered for the loss of their country and no doubt eager for revenge. If a Regiment were necessary to protect the running of the bound line adjoining the friendly Creeks.</p>
<p>signed Thomas Freeman</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray writes on April 29, 1816 from Washington, Mississippi Territory and reports to Brig. General Parker that General Andrew Jackson is in good health. " General Jackson was through here on the 25th, on his way to Nashville from New Orleans in good health." [General Andrew Jackson was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p>United Irishman Nicholas Gray, was a friend of Thomas Freeman. Nicholas Gray was also a surveyor and engineer. Gray was appointed register of the land office in the Mississippi Territory, March 30, 1815.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p> Nicholas Gray was assigned to the district west of Pearl River, with its land office at Washington, near Natchez. Surveyor General Thomas Freeman advises Gray to follow the advice of the more experienced Receiver of Public Monies, on October 6, 1815. There was a disagreement at the land auction that took place at the West of Pearl office.[11]</p>
<p>On November 24th, 1821 , Nicholas Gray Jr, chief clerk in the office of the Surveyor General South of Tennessee , wrote to the Commissioner of the General Land Office Josiah Meigs, that he had the melancholy task of informing him of the death of Major Thomas Freeman. signed Nicholas Gray [12]</p>
<p>Natchez, December 26, 1923</p>
<p>I certify that I was employed by Thomas Freeman, esq. late surveyor of the lands of the United States south of the State of Tennessee, as clerk in his office, before the month of May, 1821, and that I continued to perform the duties of clerk in the surveyor's office until the month of April, 1822.</p>
<p>signed Nicholas Gray Jr. [13]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p><a href="https://www.newspapers.com/paper/natchez-gazette/4898/"><b>Natchez Gazette</b></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.newspapers.com/paper/natchez-gazette/4898/"><b>Natchez, Mississippi • Sat, Nov 24, 1821</b></a></p>
<p>At Huntsville, [Alabama], on the 8th inst. Major Thomas Freeman, of Washington, Mississippi, Surveyor General of Public Lands South of Tennessee. The death of this gentleman will be deeply lamented by the society in which he moved. The urbanity of his manner, the amiability of his disposition, and the honorable uprightness of his deportment, endeared him to all his acquaintances. To the country the loss is most serious; for few men are to be found who are as well qualified to fill the important office which he held-scientific judicious. The most persevering industry and rigid integrity, were the strongest traits of his public character, and enabled him to afford the highest degree of usefulness---Republican.[14]</p>
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<p><span><a href="https://thewildgeese.irish/profiles/blogs/irish-surveyor-nicholas-gray-jr-the-california-gold-rush"><b>Irish Surveyor Nicholas Gray Jr.: The California Gold Rush</b></a></span></p>
<p><span><a href="https://thewildgeese.irish/profiles/blogs/nicholas-gray-irish-rebel-war-of-1812-land-office"><b>Nicholas Gray: Irish Rebel - War of 1812 - Land Office</b></a></span></p>
<p><span><b>United Irishman Nicholas Gray: Mississippi Territory -- 'Believe Me, Sir, I Fear No Man' Part 1</b></span></p>
<p><span><b>United Irishman Nicholas Gray: Mississippi Territory "Believe me Sir, I fear no man" [Part -2]</b></span></p>
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<p>1. Huntsville History Collection</p>
<p>2. Surveying George Washington Presidential Library</p>
<p>3. Frances C. Roberts: Thomas Freeman, Surveyor</p>
<p>4. Frances C. Roberts: Thomas Freeman, Surveyor</p>
<p>5. National Archives Founders Online</p>
<p>6. Huntsville Historical Review Volume 46</p>
<p>7. The Library of Congress</p>
<p>8.The Land Office Business by Malcolm J. Rohrbough</p>
<p>9.The Land Office Business by Malcolm J. Rohrbough</p>
<p>10. The Land Office Business by Malcolm J. Rohrbough</p>
<p>11. The Land Office Business by Malcolm J. Rohrbough</p>
<p>12. American State Papers</p>
<p>13. American State Papers</p>
<p>14. Natchez Gazette</p>Located in Weston, Missouri, Tin Kitchen Restauranttag:thewildgeese.irish,2022-12-22:6442157:BlogPost:3029902022-12-22T16:00:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
<p><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10917830289?profile=original" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><img class="align-center" src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10917830289?profile=RESIZE_710x"></img></a></p>
<p><span><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">T</span>he O' Malley family have the Tin Kitchen restaurant which serves great barbecue</strong>, in scenic Weston, Mo. Their dad's name Pat O'Malley,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> is inscribed on the bench to the right.</span></p>
<p><span>This is the summary stated on their website:…</span></p>
<p><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10917830289?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10917830289?profile=RESIZE_710x" class="align-center"/></a></p>
<p><span><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">T</span>he O' Malley family have the Tin Kitchen restaurant which serves great barbecue</strong>, in scenic Weston, Mo. Their dad's name Pat O'Malley,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> is inscribed on the bench to the right.</span></p>
<p><span>This is the summary stated on their website: Located in Weston, Missouri, Tin Kitchen restaurant occupies the old Rumpel Hardware building on Main Street in the downtown historic district.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Built in 1842, the building has been lovingly restored to preserve all of it’s warmth and charm. The dining rooms showcase the original pressed-tin ceilings and walls.</span></p>
<p><span>Tin Kitchen’s menu features pecan-wood-smoked barbecue meats straight from the pit. Slow-smoked for up to 16 hours, Pulled pork, brisket, chicken, and contest-style BBQ ribs are among the favorites. Grilled meats and fish, Southern-style side dishes, fresh, crisp salads, and mouth-watering desserts round out the menu.</span></p>
<p><span>TK2 - The Public House at Tin Kitchen, offers craft beers on tap along with a full bar featuring a great selection of wine, spirits, and craft-cocktails.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>Midshipman Henry Gray : The War of 1812 - Epic voyage of the USS Essextag:thewildgeese.irish,2022-10-04:6442157:BlogPost:3023202022-10-04T15:03:03.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
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<p><span>Henry Gray was born in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Wexford, Ireland and was the oldest son of United Irishman Nicholas and Elinor Hughes Gray.…</span></p>
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<p><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834327669?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834327669?profile=RESIZE_710x" class="align-center"/></a></p>
<p><span>Henry Gray was born in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Wexford, Ireland and was the oldest son of United Irishman Nicholas and Elinor Hughes Gray.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Ellen describes their trip to America as very dangerous.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Nicholas Gray writes Mr. Patten<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> “I must first tell you that my poor wife children arrived here safe after some narrow chances for their lives, and when they arrived I was gallivanting about two hundred miles from New York and knew nothing of their arrival until by chance I happened to come to Town when your dear sister [ Jane Patten Emmet the wife of Thomas Addis Emmet]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> wished me joy of their safe arrival”.[1]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Nicholas Gray along with John Patten, brother-in-law to Thomas Addis Emmet, were state prisoners at Kilmainham Goal in 1804.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834343074?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834343074?profile=RESIZE_710x" class="align-center"/></a></span> Wexford Town, Ireland - Photo taken on a visit in 2008</p>
<p><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In the the letter below New York Governor Daniel D. Tompkins is writing to the Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton for the appointment of the very young Henry Gray, as a Midshipman in the Navy. Nicholas Gray served as Governor Tompkins private secretary and was sent by Tompkins to the Niagara Station at the start of the War of 1812. Daniel D. Tompkins was the fourth governor of New York from 1807 to 1817 and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> the sixth Vice President of the United States from 1817 to 1825.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
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<p><span>The Governor’s Special Plea for the Appointment of Master Gray, as Midshipman in the Navy, Albany January 16, 1812.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> To the Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton</span></p>
<p><span>Sir:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Some time since you were addressed by some gentleman of this City relative to the appointment of Henry Gray, a Midshipman in the Navy.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> My friend, Dr Bullus, subsequently took a memorandum of his name and age, which he intended to lay before you on his arrival at Washington with certain verbal recommendations which he received.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> General Gray, the father, officiates as my private secretary, and is a gentleman of unblemished reputation, of amiable manners and of good family<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> The son is a sprightly, intelligent, amiable<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> youth as any with whom I am acquainted. The protracted sickness of General Gray has excited fears of an approaching consumption, and his great anxiety for the welfare of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> his children, whom he will leave in slender circumstances, has created much sensibility amongst his numerous friends.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> I do assure you, sir, that no appointment can be made which will yield me equal real satisfaction with that of the above<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> mentioned young gentle to the berth of Midshipman.[2]</span></p>
<p><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Henry Gray writes from Albany, New York,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> January 22, 1812<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> to the Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton:</span></p>
<p><span>Sir,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> I have received the Warrant appointing me Midshipman in the Navy of the United States, together with a copy of the Navy Rules & regulations and copy of the Uniform, and the Oath, which I have taken. I beg leave to inform you, that I feel highly, honored to the confidence in me and accept the appointment with many thanks, the sincerity of which I hope to be able to show when an opportunity shall offer, in the service of the United States. Have the goodness to say when you wish I should join, and what ship?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> With reference, My choice would be the Ship President. I have the honor to subscribe myself, with great respect, Sir, your obedient Servant, Henry Gray. [3]</span></p>
<p><span><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834328687?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834328687?profile=RESIZE_710x" class="align-center"/></a></span> USS Essex - <span>Wikipedia</span></p>
<p><span>Henry Gray was appointed Midshipman on January 1st, 1812 and was assigned to the U.S. Frigate Essex in 1812.</span></p>
<p><span>With the outbreak of the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> War of 1812 ,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> David Porter was promoted to captain on July 2, 1812, and was assigned as commander of USS Essex. He sailed out of New York harbor with the banner, "Free trade and sailors' rights" flying from the fore top gallant mast. Captain Porter achieved fame by capturing the first British warship of the conflict, HMS Alert on August 13, 1812, as well as several merchantmen.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>In February 1813 he sailed <i>Essex</i> around Cape Horn and cruised the Pacific warring on British whalers. Porter's first action in the Pacific was the capture of the Peruvian vessel <i>Nereida</i>, and the releases of the captured American whalers on board. Over the next year, Porter would capture 12 whale ships and 360 prisoners. In June 1813, Porter released his prisoners, on the condition that they not fight against the United States until they were formally exchanged for American<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> prisoners of war. Porter's usual tactic was to raise British colors to allay the British captain's suspicions, then once invited on board, he would reveal his true allegiance and purpose.</span></p>
<p><span>Porter and his fleet spent October–December 1813 resting and regrouping in the Marquesas Islands , which he claimed in the name of the United States and renamed them the Madison Islands, in honor of then-President<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> James Madison.</span></p>
<p><span>On March 28, 1814, Porter was forced to surrender to Captain<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> James Hillyar off<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Valparaiso after an engagement which became known as the Battle of Valparaiso with the British frigate HMS Phoebe and the sloop-of-war HMS Cherub , when his ship became too disabled to offer any resistance.[4]</span><span><sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></sup></span></p>
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<p><span><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834335653?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834335653?profile=RESIZE_710x" class="align-left"/></a>Captain Porter gives a very detailed account of the voyage of the U.S. Frigate Essex in his journal.</span></p>
<p><span>The<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Journal of a Cruise made to the PACIFIC OCEAN, by CAPTAIN DAVID PORTER, in THE UNITED STATES FRIGATE<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> ESSEX, In the Years 1812, 1813 and 1814. Containing Descriptions of the Cape de Very Islands, Costs of Brazil, Patagonia, Chili, and Peru, and of the Galapagos Islands.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> The manners, customs, and dress of the Inhabitants</span></p>
<p><span>October 6th, 1812. I received orders from commodore William Bainbridge to prepare the Essex for a long cruise and on the day following received his final instructions, appointing places of rendezvous, and the next day a copy of his orders from the honorable<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> secretary of the Navy.</span></p>
<p><span>I consequently directed the ship to be furnished with every requisite supply of stores and ordered for her a new suit of sails and put her in the best possible state for service.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p>[Portrait David Porter - <span>Wikipedia]</span></p>
<p><span>In the letter below Captain David Porter writes to Secretary of the Navy Hamilton<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>describing the capture of the British ships Montezuma , Policy and Georgiana all in the same day April 29, 1813.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Midshipman Henry Gray was in the second division in the Pinnace commanded by<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Lt. Wilmer.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> A Pinnace is a light boat, propelled by oars<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> or sails , carried aboard<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> war vessels. It was used to carry armed sailors for boarding ships. The men<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> were armed only with muskets, pistols, boarding axes & Cutlasses!</span></p>
<p><span>PACIFIC THEATER</span><span><br/></span><span>CAPTAIN DAVID PORTER TO SECRETARY OF THE NAVY HAMILTON</span> <span>1</span></p>
<p><span>U S Frigate <i>Essex</i> at Sea July 2nd 1813, Lat: 2</span><span>0</span><span>26'S Long 82°W.</span></p>
<p><span>Sir,</span></p>
<p><span>I have the honor to inform you that on the morning of the 29th April in Lat: 0°40' North, Longde. 91 <i>°15'</i> West, about 20 miles to the northward of the Island of Albemarle<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> one of the Galapagos in the Pacific Ocean I captured the British ShIp <i>Montezuma,</i> two others being in sight close together distant from us about 7 miles</span> <span>.</span><span>which we were informed<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span> <span>were the British Letter of Marque Ships <i>Policy</i> and <i>Georgiana,</i> the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span> <span>mounting 10 Guns 6</span> <span>&</span> <span>9 pounders, the other six eighteen pounders 4</span> <span>SWIVelS</span> <span>and 6 large blunderbusses mounted on swivels; the winds being light and variable and confiding greatly in the bravery and enterprise of my officers and men</span><span>s</span> <span>, and apprehensive of their escape from the prevalence of fogs</span> <span>10</span> <span>that clImate, I dIrected the boats of this ship to be armed</span> <span>&</span> <span>manned and divided into two divisions.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> The Second division under the command of Lt. Wilmer 2d Lt. in the Pinnace accompanied by Midshipman<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span> <span>Henry Gray</span> <span>&</span><span>Masters Mate James Terry, Lt. suitable signals were established, and each boat had her particular station - On posted out for the attack, and every other previous arrangement was made to prevent confusion- the boats 7 in number rowed off in admirable</span> <span>order-</span> <span>Guns were fired from the enemy to terrify</span> <span>them-</span> <span>they rowed up under the muzzles of the Guns and took their stations for attacking the first ship, and no sooner was the American flag displayed by Lt. Downes as a signal for boarding and the intention was discovered by the enemy than the colours were struck without a shot being fired, so much was they daunted by the intrepidity of our brave officers and men, they then left a crew on board the prize and took their stations for attacking the other vessel when her flag was also struck on the first call to surrender, thus were two fine British Ships each pierced for 20 Guns</span></p>
<p><span>worth near half a million of Dollars mounting between them 16 Guns and manned with 55 men well supplied with ammunition and small arms surrendered without the slightest resistance to seven small open boats with fifty men armed only with muskets, pistols, boarding axes & Cutlasses![5]</span></p>
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<p><span><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834331456?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834331456?profile=RESIZE_710x" class="align-center"/></a></span> Commodore Decatur's Squadron capturing the Algerian Pirate Ship Mashuda on June 17, 1815</p>
<p><span>Midshipman Henry Gray served on the Schooner USS Torch in Stephon Decatur Squadron during the Second Barbary War. The U.S. Schooner <i>Torch</i> along with the rest of the squadron participated in the capture of the Algerian flagship, the frigate <i>Mashuda.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Decatur learned the arts of naval war under John Barry.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Barry and Henry Gray were both natives of Co Wexford, Ireland.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Barry is credited as<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>“The Father of the American Navy”.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> “When Barry's family was evicted from their home by their English landlord, they moved to Rosslare on the coast, where his uncle worked a fishing skiff. As a young man, Barry determined upon a life as a seaman, and he started out as a cabin boy”. [6]</span></p>
<p><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834339887?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834339887?profile=RESIZE_710x" class="align-left"/></a>In 1798, John Berry,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> obtained Decatur's appointment as midshipman on <i>United States</i>, under Barry's command. Barry was a veteran and hero of the Revolutionary War and was Decatur's good friend and mentor. Decatur accepted the appointment on May 1. During his early naval career Decatur learned the arts of naval war under Barry, and also James Barron, both of whom took a liking to Decatur.</span></p>
<p><span>[Image Stephon Decatur - Wikipedia]</span></p>
<p><span>Decatur supervised the construction of several U.S. naval vessels, one of which he later commanded. Promoted at age 25, he is the youngest man to reach the rank of captain<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> in the history of the United States Navy.</span><span><sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></sup></span> <span>He served under three presidents, and played a major role in the early development of the U.S. Navy. In almost every theater of operation, Decatur's service was characterized by acts of heroism and exceptional performance. His numerous naval victories against Britain, France and the Barbary states established the United States Navy as a rising power.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>On May 20, 1815, Commodore Decatur received instructions from President James Maddison<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> to take command of the frigate USS Guerriere<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> and lead a squadron of ten ships to the Mediterranean Sea to conduct the Second Barbary War , which would put an end to the international practice of paying tribute to the Barbary pirate states. His squadron arrived at Gibraltar<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> on June 14. [7] <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>In the following letter Nicholas Gray writes President James Monroe. He soliciting for<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>his son Henry to be promoted to Lieutenant in the Navy.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Nicholas Gray’s friend<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Daniel D Tompkins is now the Vice President of the United States.</span></p>
<p><span>Washington Mississippi Territory<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>April 25, 1817</span></p>
<p><span>The President of the United States</span></p>
<p><span>Sir</span></p>
<p><span>Permit me to address you on a subject of great interest to me and one for which I trust you will pardon the intrusion, the hopes of a father for the advancement of of a deserving Son, will I know be with you a sufficient apology.</span></p>
<p><span>I had the honor to be introduced to you, Sir, in the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> year 1815 when I had the appointment of Inspector General of the 3rd Military district.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Your kindness at that period command my gratitude.</span></p>
<p><span>My eldest son Henry Gray received a Midshipman Warrant dated the first January 1812, and was ordered on board the Essex Frigate, Capt. Porter and remained with him, until the expedition into the Mediterranean,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> He has for some time been attached to the Command of Commodore Patterson off New Orleans, and is now<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> on a Cruiser between the Serbian and Perdido rivers in the Firebrand,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Capt. Cunningham. I believe he has not been off duty from his Ship or been since he obtained his warrant and joined the Vepel in 1810.</span></p>
<p><span>Commodore Porter and Rogers and Mr Shields informed me personally that he should not be passed over,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> neither would I say that he has but I have seen the promotion of a<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Mr. Isacks,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> whose warrant is I believe dated on the same day, and who served on board the same Ship with my Son.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>At the same time, Sir, when I acknowledge a sensibility which should supersede the necessity of a application to the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> President of the United States, knowing the number of deserving young men attached to the Navy. I feel a confidence that if possible, my Son will receive the appointment of Lieutenant if he deserves it.</span></p>
<p><span>I have the honor to be, Sir<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> with the highest respect and your most obedient servant Nicholas Gray, Register Land Office, West of Pearl River [8]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834352477?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10834352477?profile=RESIZE_710x" class="align-center"/></a></span> Pirates on the southern coast of the United States - <span>Wikipedia</span></p>
<p><span>Firebrand, a schooner, was purchased in April 1815 at New Orleans; and first put to sea in August 1815, Lieutenant T. S. Cunningham in command.</span></p>
<p><span>Cruising the southern coast of the United States from New Orleans, Firebrand protected American commerce from pirates and enforced the revenue laws. On her first cruise, in August and September 1815, she recaptured an American sloop and a Spanish ship from the pirates near Isle Cayes, and captured an armed schooner commanded by one of the Barataria<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> pirates. Late in 1819, she apprehended four smugglers' boats off the Sabine, and took the armed schooner La Maison commanded by a buccaneer from the New Orleans area.</span></p>
<p><span>Anchored near Pass Christian, Miss.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> July 28,1819 to take on provisions from Bay Saint Louis, Firebrand was wrecked on Square Handerkerchief Shoal in a heavy gale that night. Thirty-six of her crew, all of those who were not ashore on provisioning and other ship's business, were lost with their ship. [9]</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Midshipman Henry Gray is assigned to the U.S. Schooner FireBrand at the New Orleans,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Naval Station. In the letter below he is writing to,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Benjamin W.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Crowninshield Secretary of the Navy about his promotion to Lieutenant in the Navy. Gray writes - I have had the honor of sailing<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> with Porter in the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Frigate Essex.</span></p>
<p><span>U.S. Schooner Fire Brand</span></p>
<p><span>Palize<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> August 18th 1817</span></p>
<p><span>Sir,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>I take the liberty of addressing you relative to the late promotions made last April in the Navy of the United States.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> From Midshipman to Lieutenants, by which I find there are not only a number of my date for promotion , but some six and one nine months junior to me in service. But this I know full well Sir,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> that rank is not considered at the Department as it respects promotion.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Yet Sir my feelings were truly hurt when I found myself thought unworthy. of confidence<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> being placed in me by my Country. I am now five years and seven months in the service of the U. States and during that time never had a furlough. — I have had the honor of sailing with<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Porter in the Frigate Essex, in Commodore Decatur<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Squadron up the straights. And the residue under the Command of Master Comm at Elton and Captains Patterson and Morrison the New Orleans Station. I must refer you to the appreciably<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> of those Officers for my character and capacity, but let me tell you Sir that if I am not fit for promotion now, I never will be:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> I hope Sir you will not think this is presumptuous in me for I declare candidly to you that if I had a friend at the Department I should write to you through him, but being without one I am compelled address you myself and being convinced that you will have justice showed me and that you I should appeal. Knowing you to be in a manner the father of a young an influential Officer.</span></p>
<p><span>I have the Honor to subscribe myself<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>With great Respect your obedient Servant</span></p>
<p><span>Henry Gray [10]</span></p>
<p></p>
<p>The two letters below to<span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Benjamin W.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Crowninshield Secretary of the Navy</span></p>
<p><span>New Orleans June 3rd, 1818</span></p>
<p><span>Sir</span></p>
<p><span>Having understood from a letter written to me by the Honor Daniel D. Tompkins that I was nominated for promotion and before the Senate for confirmation and also from my being recommended to you by Commander D. T.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Patterson.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> I am induced to think that I have been Promoted<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> the list of Navel Promotion not arriving here I am inclined to believe that both it and my commission have miscarries as the mails here are very irregular by informing me of my promotion you will oblige.</span></p>
<p><span>Your Obedient Servant with Respect</span></p>
<p><span>Henry Gray</span></p>
<p><span>Midshipman U.S. Navy [11]</span></p>
<p><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>U.S. Schooner Fire Brand New Orleans</span></p>
<p><span>June 9th, 1818</span></p>
<p><span>Sir,</span></p>
<p><span>I have the honor to inform you of my having received a commission as Lieutenant<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> in the Navy and Believe me Sir it will always be my duty to merit the confidence and encouragement<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> of my Country.</span></p>
<p><span>I have the honor to subscribe myself Sir with the most respect</span></p>
<p><span>Your Obedient servant</span></p>
<p><span>Henry Gray [12]</span></p>
<p><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>From the reports of Commodore Daniel T. Patterson to the Committee on Naval Affairs.</span></p>
<p><span>Lieutenant James M McIntosh was on boat duty at the time of the hurricane and exposed his life in his endeavors to reach the Schooner Fire Brand. The records of the Navy Department show him to be a highly meritorious and distinguished officer.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Lieutenant James M McIntosh, Bay of St. Louis to Commander Daniel T. Patterson<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Naval Forces, New Orleans</span></p>
<p><span>August, 1819</span></p>
<p><span>Lieutenant Henry Gray was in Command on board. None of her Officers have as yet been found. The bodies of Seven of her crew have this morning been interned.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Sir, It has fallen to my lot to inform you of the circumstance of the total loss of the U.S. Schooner Fire Brand her Officers and crew with the exception of her Commander who left in the “Commander Patterson” for New Orleans taking with him the Launch and five men.</span></p>
<p><span>On Wednesday Morning Lieut. Commander Cunningham left the U.S Schooner FireBrand for New Orleans leaving the Schooner at the anchorage of Pass Christian.</span></p>
<p><span>I hope Sir, this will convince you that attending to duty has been the means of my being preserved from the dreadful devastation which was made with her Officers and Crew</span></p>
<p><span>I therefore at daylight started to her. She proved to be the unfortunate remains she lays on her starboard broadside, her stern completely gone together with her trunk and her main mast had been cut away. I was in the hurricane of 1812 but I am convinced this was much more severe. I describe my feelings, when I assure you there is not the least vestige of hope that one individual who was on board at the time was saved.</span></p>
<p><span>Your Obedient Servant<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> James M. McIntosh<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> [13]</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Captain Cunningham<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Bay of St. Louis August 10th, 1819 to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>Commander D. T. Patterson<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Naval Forces, New Orleans</span></p>
<p><span>I have visited the remains of the late U.S. Schooner Fire Brand and find her almost in pieces and am fully convinced she must have upset and turned over once if not often. There is nothing standing above deck. One of her quarter deck guns is down in cabin, her mast has been entirely shifted<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> and lays up in the starboard. She lays nearly on her beam ends.</span></p>
<p><span>With Sentiment of Esteem</span></p>
<p><span>Respectfully<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Sir,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> I have the honor to be</span></p>
<p><span>Your Obedient Servant</span></p>
<p><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Captain Cunningham<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> [14]</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Letter from Daniel T. Patterson<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> New Orleans<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> August 14th, 1819 To Smith Thompson<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Secretary of the Navy<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Washington<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>Sir,</span></p>
<p><span>I do myself the honor to enclose you copy of a letter this day received from Commander Thomas S. Cunningham he provided to the wreck of the late U.S. Schooner<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> FireBrand for purpose of ascertaining as accurately as he could from appearances the immediate cause of her loss and that of her crew. The opinion advanced by him of her being upset at the commencement of the hurricane and which is supported by his appearance and the direction in which he states the wreck to lay - that she was upset before she could<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> tend to the wind and that she immediately rolled and sunk by the force of the sea having then a much larger surface than deck frame to act upon.</span></p>
<p><span>Several gentlemen of intelligence who were on shore at the Pass Christian and Bay of St Louis inform me that the whole force of the Wind Burst was out at once without previous warning that the Sea rolled in with it overwhelming everything in its course rising in a few minutes to the level to the settlements, a height of at least 20 feet sweeping away all the houses.</span></p>
<p><span>I have the honor to be with great respect your out. Servant<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Daniel T. Patterson [15]</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Louisiana Gazette,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> August 4, 1819</span></p>
<p><span>We have very distressing accounts of the ravages of a hurricane which raged on the night of the 28th.</span></p>
<p><span>The U.S. schooner Firebrand now lies bilged on the shoal the Four Handkerchiefs, opposite the Bay of St. Louis. Captain Cunningham, her commander, had fortunately left her before the gale began. Lieutenant Macintosh, Midshipman Luker, and five men, were also on shore. The officers on board the FireBrand were Lieutenant Gray, Dr. Wardle,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Midshipman Adams and Perkins, thirty-nine seamen and marines, were on board and all perished. Five men were lost from on board of the schooner Thomas Shields, in consequences of her upsetting.[16]</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Lieutenant Henry Gray survived the War of 1812 and the second<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Barbary War. He did not survive<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>the hurricane of 1819, that hit the Bay of St. Louis, Mississippi,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> while he was in Command of the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Schooner Firebrand.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> While stationed at the New Orleans, Naval Station, Henry Gray would have been able to be in contact with his family living in Natchez, Ms.</span></p>
<p><span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>1. Letter from Nicholas Gray to Mr. Patten. Trinity College Library Dublin. Ref Ms 873, [276] researched by Paula Hayes</span></p>
<p><span>2. Public Papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of New York, Volume 2</span></p>
<p><span>3. Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821</span></p>
<p><span>4. David Porter [ Naval Officier]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Wikipedia</span></p>
<p><span>5. CAPTAIN DAVID PORTER TO SECRETARY OF THE NAVY HAMILTON</span> <span>1</span></p>
<p><span>U S Frigate <i>Essex</i> at Sea July 2nd 1813,</span></p>
<p><span>6. Wikipedia</span></p>
<p><span>7. Wikipedia</span></p>
<p><span>8. National Archives</span></p>
<p><span>9. Naval History and Heritage Command</span></p>
<p><span>10. Fold3 Navy Officers’ Letters 1802-1884<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Honorable Benjamin W.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Crowninshield Secretary of the Navy</span></p>
<p><span>11. Fold3 Navy Officers’ Letters 1802-1884.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Honorable Benjamin W.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Crowninshield Secretary of the Navy</span></p>
<p><span>12. Fold3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Navy Officers’ Letters 1802-1884.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Honorable Benjamin W.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Crowninshield Secretary of the Navy</span></p>
<p><span>13. Fold3 Letters Received by the Secretary of Navy [“Captains Letters”]</span></p>
<p><span>14. Fold3 Letters Received by the Secretary of Navy [“Captains Letters”]</span></p>
<p><span>15. Fold3 Letters Received by the Secretary of Navy [“Captains Letters”]</span></p>
<p><span>16. Louisiana Gazette,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> August 4, 1819</span></p>
<p><span>I</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>Irish Surveyor Nicholas Gray Jr.: The California Gold Rushtag:thewildgeese.irish,2022-08-05:6442157:BlogPost:3013862022-08-05T14:30:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
<p><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10750309258?profile=original" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><img class="align-center" src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10750309258?profile=RESIZE_710x"></img></a></p>
<p><span><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">T</span>he Bear Flag Revolt, was from June to July in 1846. American settlers</strong> in California rebelled against the Mexican government and proclaimed California an independent republic.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> After the Bear Flag<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> was…</span></p>
<p><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10750309258?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10750309258?profile=RESIZE_710x" class="align-center"/></a></p>
<p><span><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">T</span>he Bear Flag Revolt, was from June to July in 1846. American settlers</strong> in California rebelled against the Mexican government and proclaimed California an independent republic.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> After the Bear Flag<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> was raised, the U.S. military began to occupy California. In 1850 California joined the Union and in 1911 the Bear Flag became the official state flag. [1]Gettyimages</span></p>
<p><span>Nicholas Gray Jr. was born<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> at the Whitefort House, Wexford, Ireland.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> He was the son of United Irishman Nicholas and Elinor<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Hughes Gray. His uncle was United Irishman Henry Hughes.</span> <span>Nicholas Gray Jr. married Ellen N. Rogers in Adams County, Mississippi on December 18, 1832.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Eleanor<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> 'Ellen'<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Rogers, was a relative of Thomas O Larkin.”<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span> <span>Nicholas Gray Jr. would become employed by Thomas O Larkin, as a surveyor<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> later became a United States Deputy Surveyor in the Northern District of California.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Larkin had acquired several old Spanish land grants and was a master of land speculation. In the 1850s, he was reputed to be the richest man in California.</span></p>
<p><span><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10750341292?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10750341292?profile=RESIZE_710x" class="align-left"/></a>Thomas O Larkin was known in Spanish as Don Thomas Larkin.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span> <span>The earliest days of California statehood was very much influenced by the life of Thomas Oliver Larkin.</span> <span>He was an American diplomat and businessman. Larkin served as the only U.S. consul to Alta California during the Mexican era and was covertly involved in U.S. plans to annex California from Mexico. Consul Larkin's firsthand reports from Monterey became a vital ingredient of the expansionist campaign to win California. President James K. Polk embraced Larkin's program to secure the aid of the people of California for the coming of United States rule. Polk authorized Larkin to encourage a movement of independence in California. After the American Conquest of California and the end of the Mexican-American War. Larkin participated at the Monterey Constitutional Convention in 1849 and was singer of the Constitution of California. [2] <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>Thomas O. Larkin on June 1, 1848<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> reports to the State Department about the discovery of gold. Larkin states<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> “this is one of the most astonishing excitements and state of affairs now existing in this country.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> On the American fork of the Sacramento and Feather River, another branch of the same, and the adjoining lands, there has been within the present year discovered a placer, a vast tract of land containing gold, in small particles. This gold, thus far, has been taken on the bank of the river, from the surface to eighteen inches in depth, and is supposed deeper, and to extend over the country”. [3]</span></p>
<p><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10750346263?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10750346263?profile=RESIZE_710x" class="align-center"/></a></p>
<p><span>The Wexford Lodge named in honor of Co. Wexford, Ireland<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> is located in the "Vicksburg National Military Park" and was built in the 1830's by Nicholas Gray, Jr.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> The stately house was used by General<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span> <span>Grant as his headquarters during the siege of Vicksburg and he observed the movements of the Confederate troops from the second story windows.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> The only structure in the park to survive the Battle of Vicksburg.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Photo credit "Vicksburg National Military Park"</span></p>
<p><span>Nicholas Gray Jr. states - Natchez Ms. ,December 26, 1823.” I certify that I was employed by Thomas Freeman, late surveyor of the lands of the United States south of the State of Tennessee, as a clerk in his office, before the month of May 1821”. [4]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Nicholas Gray Jr. was nominated by John Quincy Adams to be Register of the Land Office at Washington, Mississippi on May 9, 1826. His appointment was confirmed on May 10, 1826.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> [5]</span></p>
<p><span>Nicholas Gray Jr. learned his surveying skills from his father United Irishman Nicholas Gray. He was also employed by Irish surveyor Thomas Freeman.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Freeman had a national reputation for precision and trustworthiness.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> An Irish immigrant who had come to the colonies in 1774. He caught the attention of master surveyor George Washington and Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Thomas Freeman played a major role in the settlement of the District of Columbia,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Alabama and Mississippi.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>Nicholas Gray writes Thomas Oliver Larkin from Vicksburg, Ms<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> on March 2nd, 1848.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> “As you are relative of my wife [cousin Eleanor Rogers formerly] and frequently mentioned by her. I will introduce myself to your acquaintance. I have resided here since boy hood, have practiced farming, and the cultivation of cotton, sugar and tobacco. I have also practiced surveying and engineering. Now as I have given you a slight sketch of my life, perhaps you can judge how I could succeed in a Country like California. You perceive that I can do a little of most everything. I should be pleased to hear from you soon, altho it will be many months before I can expect news from your side of the world.” Nicholas Gray [6]</span></p>
<p><span>[Eleanor N. Gray to Thomas Oliver Larkin and Nicholas Gray to Larkin]. from Vicksburg, Miss, January 31, 1849.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Dear Cousin Oliver,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> "I will introduce to your acquaintance, a nephew of Mr Gray's, Henry T. Moore, who goes to California [like many others] to increase his worldly goods. Any attention you may show him to further his views or advance his interests will be gratefully received by your affectionate Cousin." signed Eleanor N. Gray<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> In the same letter to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Larkin, Nicholas Gray writes<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Dear Sir, "I take the opportunity of my nephew's going to your part of the world, to acknowledge the receipt of your valuable favor.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Mr. Moore is a licensed attorney and counsellor at law in our courts here. Perhaps his profession may aid him in California. Your advise concerning goods will be duly considered and valued, when I arrange my matters here, so as to make a move your way.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> At present, the times are so hard, and money so scarce, that it is next to an impossibility to sell real estate. This difficulty will detain me longer than I wish, but hope the gold will not all be gone before I arrive".<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> signed Nicholas Gray<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> [Henry T. Moore was the son of Sophia Eleanor Gray Moore the daughter of United Irishman Nicholas Gray. Sophia was a school teacher living in Vicksburg, Ms]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> [7]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>In the following letter Gray, is describing his surveying qualifications to Larkin.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> [Nicholas Gray to Thomas Oliver Larkin] St. Louis, Mo.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> February 15th, 1851. " In answer to your enquiry as to my qualifications will say that in early life I was Chief clerk in the Surveyor General's Office in Mississippi, and with the preparation for the sale of lands according to the practice, of the Government, familiar with Spanish grants, and others of lands. I am and I have practiced surveying both for the U.S. Government<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> as a Deputy Surveyor, and I have also served in a private capacity, as well as a city engineer and Surveyor. During the administration of General Taylor I was highly recommended as I thought for the office of Surveyor General of California. But unfortunately General Taylor died, and a new administration coming to power." [8]</span></p>
<p><span>In a letter to Thomas O. Larkin from Saint Louis, Mo dated Feb 16 and March 4th, 1851. Gray is replying to a letter he received form Larkin on Feb 3rd, 1851, from New York.. Your remarks are just, and correct, that you would make no person your agent without seeing and knowing him. Nicholas Gray Jr writes "to place my family in a situation so that I could consistently leave them. You may consider this as an offer, binding on my part, if you accede thereto, $2000 pr annum, and a commission on sales of 1%, board, room rent, and traveling expenses, going to California and in that country while engaged in your business. I shall require $1000 as an advance, with an amount sufficient to cover my expenses going out, say $500 or thereabout.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> I am confident that I will suit you in the way a business you wish to engage me at. I can leave within 20 to 25 days after receiving the needful from you".<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Be pleased to accept my best respects and wishes for good health and happiness. signed Nicholas Gray [9]</span></p>
<p><span>Nicholas Gray to Thomas Oliver Larkin ] Saint Louis August 27, 1851. “Since the reception of your letter I have been quite busily employed in my preparation for my departure for San Francisco and hope to be there about the middle of October or first November at farthest. I intend going via New Orleans<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> and the Isthmus”. [10]</span></p>
<p><span>William J. Eames living in San Francisco was the California agent for Thomas O Larkin. Nicholas Gray and William J. Eames<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> corresponded about the property of Larkin. Gray had the power of attorney of numerous individuals to sell or lease property out of San Francisco and Sacramento.</span></p>
<p><span>Nicholas Gray, Colusa, Cal writes William J. Eames San Francisco, California dated Dec 11th, 1851 Dear Sir "When in Sacramento I came across a man who offered a surveying compass to me for $30.00 which I thought a bargain and I purchased it, supposing that it would be wanted up here shortly. I have spoken to 6 or 7 of the squatters and warned them of their trespasses upon the land with an offer to sell it to them. They all said that they wished to buy the land when the title was settled, so that I am pretty confident no arrangement can be made with those persons at present, unless the law is resorted to, and even then, we could not in the present state of affairs calculate upon a jury made up of squatters to give us our just claims". signed Nicholas Gray</span></p>
<p><span>Nicholas Gray writes William J. Eames on Dec 22nd, 1851. Dear Sir, I thank you for the letters from home, forwarded<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> per last mail. They are all well, thank God, and look forward to the time when I shall say come out to California<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> with a good deal of anxiety. You will oblige me very much by procuring a Draft for $100 in favor of Mrs. Ellen N Gray. I have now the power of attorney from Judge Hastings and Major Seawell to sell or lease property out of San Francisco and Sacramento. The Surveyor General says he is waiting for instruction even when parties offer to pay the expense of a survey. Still he will not act. He has no decision of character, or he is very timid, I am afraid.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> In this same letter Gray is asking to obtain something in the shape of employment or office out here from the Government at Washington". [11]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>Eleanor N. Gray to Thomas O. Larkin<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> from Vicksburg, Ms.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> "My Dear Cousin, I do hope to one day reach California and promise myself to use all my energies to improve my fortunes. California is still looked to as the goal of happiness, by many, those particularly whose happiness depends upon money. I have been wishing and entreating my husband to return [if he cannot send for me soon], but he is so infatuated with California, the climate, that it would be hard to persuade him to come back. We still have some land claims here, but my husband writes me he would not give one acre in California for one hundred in Mississippi.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> At the age of 16 he received a salary of one thousand dollars at the Land Office. This separation is intolerable. God grant it may not be much longer. Now, Dear Cousin, that you are there, I do earnestly entreat you to exert your influence in his behalf". signed E.N.Gray</span></p>
<p><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This letter from Nicholas Gray, Colusa, Cal, to William J. Eames, San Francisco is dated December 26, 1851.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> "Mr . Moore has withdrawn his Stages from this end of the route on account, as he says, of the bad state of the road. It is, however, thought here that he is acting in bad faith towards the town of Colusa and Hastings . We have had a vast amount of rain but occasionally the sun shines and gives us a prospect of having some dry weather soon. I have finally induced two squatters below the Belden tract to lease their improvements, with the right to purchase when the claim is confirmed at $1.50 per acre. They have not yet signed the leases, but think they will. If so, I believe others will follow the example, they are strong in faith as to Uncle Sam's title and he will give them a pre-emption. I would not sell the front lands at $1.50 per acre. It is worth $3 to $5 maybe more in some locations. Give me your opinion on this subject, if you please, in your next letter. Have you lately heard from Mr. Larkin?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> And when does he say he will return, because if he stays some time, I would like to write to him", Yours truly Nicholas Gray [12]</span></p>
<p><span>Gray writes to Larkin from Hamilton on June 17th, 1852.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> "I have just returned from a 2nd trip in the mountains, and with this you'll receive another box quartz specimens procured in the vicinity of Long's Bar, about 1/2 mile from the river. These specimens you'll perceive the gold intermixed with the quartz. This ledge is an extensive one, and in fact I have observed the whole region within the bounds of the grant is rich in gold combined with quartz. Those localities known as Oregon Gulch and Morrison's Ravine and the hills around have been found to be rich, and there are very many miners now at work. The only complaint I now here of is the want of water in these ravines.” Nicholas Gray<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> [13]</span></p>
<p><span>Nicholas Gray Jr. discovered gold and quartz gold deposits on several of Larkin's ranches.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> [Nicholas Gray to Thomas Oliver Larkin]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Hamilton June 12th, 1852. " Dear sir,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> I gave you a sketch of the river and localities also which I hope may inform you something relative to the grant. There are not over one hundred acres arable land within this portion of country - all hills and mountains, and ravines, rich in gold and I believe also rich in quartz gold".<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Nicholas Gray surveyed the grant of Rancho Boga, for Larkin and found considerable evidence of placer gold and quartz deposits. With appropriate works, Gray said, the property would yield profitably for at least a century.'<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Larkin had visions of becoming much richer and offered his Rancho Boga, for sale in the London market, for<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> $ 1,000,000. Larkin set up a new company called the Feather River Land. & Gold Mining Company. [14]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
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<p><span>Image - 1852 California Gold Rush - Wikipedia.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> In a letter dated June 18, 1852.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Nicholas Gray tells Thomas O Larkin<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> "I</span><span>n places the earth is conveyed in troughs made of plank from the mountain tops or nearly so, to the waters edge and there washed out by rockers which pay well.</span> <span>The sketch of the country annexed to the mine accompanied with a box of quartz specimens which I hope you have received<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> does not vary much from a correct delineation of the features of this country. I have from some persons obtained some reliable information, which by and bye is very scarce on the subject of mines and quartz. Very few persons will convey any or much information unless with some idea of profit to himself or his company in which he may have an interest, either as to the locality of good diggings, quartz ledges or even distances, all differ. I have met Judge Sherwood and asked some questions, but he is also a miner and the information conveyed by him was not very luminous or interesting.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> The lands only value is the gold and other minerals yet to be discovered and in which those hills and mountains abound, I am sure, from the indications apparent everywhere". Yours truly, Nicholas Gray [15]</span></p>
<p><span>Nicholas Gray to Thomas Oliver Larkin from Hamilton, California June 18, 1852</span></p>
<p><span>"I have just returned from a second trip among the mountains, and procured a few specimens of rock containing gold and I believe other valuable minerals.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> I have not in my examination of the country within the lines proceeded to the extreme north point for two reasons.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> One was the excessively hot weather and rough country to travel over, and mostly on foot, and the other was the shortness of my funds. I have procured some information as to the richness of this portion of the mines and if those samples forwarded to you proved satisfactory and if further explorations were deemed proper.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> I shall remain at this place until I receive funds from you with further orders. Morrison's Ravine, Oregon gulch, Rich gulch, Long's bar and many others of less note are all within your lines of latitude, are all paying very well, and even the mountain tops and sides contain the gold”. signed Nicholas Gray [16]</span></p>
<p><span>Gray writes to Larkin from West Branch Feather River on July 30, 1852. I have progressed pretty well with the survey of your tract of land.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> The soil is poor, and gently rolling towards the northern boundary, fine timber for lumber and in quantities {pine]. I had the chance of losing my mule today. She died of cholic I believe and will have to purchase another, and therefore with other expenses will have to call upon you for Draft on Adams & Co., Marysville, for $500 direct to Hamilton. Respectfully,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> signed Nicholas Gray<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> [17]</span></p>
<p><span>Nicholas Gray writes Thomas Oliver Larkin from Goodman and Conklin’s Store, 2 Miles from Nelson’s Bar August 2nd, 1852. “ I endeavored to procure the services of a Mr. Cleal, the County Surveyor at Sacramento, but from some cause or another he did not come up to Hamilton as he promised. You will therefore oblige me by procuring some person well skilled and who has the proper instruments to come to Hamilton”. Respectfully,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Nicholas Gray</span></p>
<p><span>Nicholas Gray Jr. to Thomas O. Larkin from Colusa, California, dated Dec, 25th, 1853. “ I cross the Sacramento river to remeasure some lines over there, and may proceed towards Feather River should it be necessary. I have met with a man who has been in this country a long time comparatively and who built a log cabin near the bank of Feather river upon the Flugge Rancho, whom I think could be induced for a small sum to sell it. I contemplate being at San Francisco the first week in January. Wishing you a happy new year, I am yours truly", signed Nicholas Gray [18 ]</span></p>
<p><span>"Gray's Map: by Nicholas Gray, 1856: 4 pages: the map was recorded at the County Recorder's office as 4 separate pages and each page is available here NW NE SW SE . The property owners of Rancho San Pablo are believed to have commissioned this map to help understand exactly who owned which pieces of land in Rancho San Pablo. Nicholas Gray was U.S. Deputy Surveyor. A James Forbes was also associated with the project<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> and sometimes this map is referred to as "Forbes's<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Map". There was also one other person who is listed as having participated in this project but his name is unknown". [19] <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
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<p><span>Map of San Francisco Bay surveyed and created by Nicholas Gray<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> - Image</span> <span>Courtesy of UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library - Title: Map of a survey of lands situated between San Leandro and San Lorenzo Creeks, the Bay of San Francisco and the range of mountains to the east, exhibiting the boundaries of the "Rancho San Leandro" and adjoining lands : [Calif.]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Description: Pen-and-ink and watercolor on tracing cloth. From: U.S. District Court. California, Northern District.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Shows drainage, survey markers, boundaries, roads, acreages, fields, etc.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Creator/Contributor: Nicholas Gray, surveyor., author United States. District Court (California : Northern District).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> November 1855<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> [20]</span></p>
<p><span>The Marin County Great Register of 1880. " Shows Emmet Gray, son of Nicholas Gray Jr., at the age of 44, born in Ms., as a govt. employee and local residence of Richardson".<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Capt. Emmet Gray was the Tide Observer at Sausalito, Bay of San Francisco.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> "Capt. Emmet Gray was in the service of the government for a quarter of a century as Tidal Observer; and during that time he performed his duties with marked ability and complete satisfaction to the engineers under whom he served." [21]</span></p>
<p><span>The following<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> dated<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> October 26, 1898<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> from the “San Francisco Bulletin” of Monday relates to a former well known citizen of this county, whose home was on the Sebastopol lagoon, at a place known as Gray’s lake: “Emmet Gray a well known pioneer, was accidentally killed by gas last night”.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Gray held the position as tidal observer in the government<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> as a member of the Coast Geodetic Survey service at the Presidio and later at Sausalito for about thirty years. -Recently he has been employed by Grace & Co. as an inspector of lumber. He returned yesterday from Fort Bragg, where he had been on business, and went to his residence at 2718 California street. He retired early and failed to completely shut off the gas.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> “The decedent was born in Mississippi sixty-five years ago. He leaves a widow and two young daughters. ” [22]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>[1] Wikipedia</span></p>
<p><span>[2] Wikipedia</span></p>
<p><span>[3] History of California by Theodore H. Hittell</span></p>
<p><span>[4] American State Papers-House of Representatives, 19th Congress, 2nd Session Public Lands: Volume 4</span><span>.</span></p>
<p><span>[5] American Memory Journal of the executive proceedings of the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Senate of the United States of American, 1815 - 1829</span></p>
<p><span>[6] The Larkin Papers By Thomas Oliver Larkin, UC Berkley, Bancroft Library-Banc Mss C-B 37-45</span></p>
<p><span>[7], The Larkin Papers by George Petter Hammond</span></p>
<p><span>[8] The Larkin Papers by Thomas O Larkin, Anna Marie Hager and Everett Gordon Hager, page 391</span></p>
<p><span>[9] The Larkin Papers for the History of California by George Petter Hammond</span></p>
<p><span>[10] The Larkin Papers By Thomas Oliver Larkin, UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library-Banc Miss C-B 37-45</span><span>.</span></p>
<p><span>[11]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> The Larkin Papers by George P Hammond</span></p>
<p><span>[12] The Larkin Papers for the History of California by George Petter Hammond</span></p>
<p><span>[13] The Larkin Papers for the History of California by George Petter Hammond</span></p>
<p><span>[14] Thomas O. Larkin: A Life of Patriotism and Profit in Old California by Harlan Hague</span></p>
<p><span>[15] The Larkin Papers for the History of California by George Petter Hammond</span></p>
<p><span>[16] The Larkin Papers for the History of California by George Petter Hammond</span></p>
<p><span>[17]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> The Larkin Papers for the History of California by George Petter Hammond</span></p>
<p><span>[18] The Larkin Papers</span></p>
<p><span>[19] Gray’s Map: by Nicholas Gray, 1856: 4 pages. El Cerrito Historical Society P.O. Box 304, El Cerrito, CA 94530</span><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
<p><span>[20]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span> <span>UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library</span></p>
<p><span>[21]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> Sausalito News, Volume 12, Number 8, March 28, 1896 - A Faithful Officer</span></p>
<p><span>[22] California Digital Newspaper Collection</span></p>United Irishman Nicholas Gray: Mississippi Territory "Believe me Sir, I fear no man" [Part -2]tag:thewildgeese.irish,2021-07-26:6442157:BlogPost:2950012021-07-26T15:41:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
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<p> <span> Mississippi became a state on December 10, 1817 [Enchanted Learning]</span> </p>
<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">The Mississippi Territory with its rich soil for growing cotton was a complex area with the scourge of…</div>
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<p> <span> Mississippi became a state on December 10, 1817 [Enchanted Learning]</span> </p>
<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">The Mississippi Territory with its rich soil for growing cotton was a complex area with the scourge of Slavery and Indian Treaties. Before Mississippi was a Territory, settlers acquired their land from France, Great Britain, and Spain. When Mississippi became a United States Territory, there were many disputes over the earlier land claims. In 1815, Nicholas Gray, as Land Register, states " I was myself Crier and Auctioneer Also Lawyer, Judge and Register." Gray was register of the Land Office West of Pearl <span> located in Washington, the capital of the Mississippi Territory, near Natchez, MS. </span>Immigrants coming into the Mississippi Territory would have very few of the conveniences or comforts of the civilized world they left behind. They were willing to risk everything to obtain a piece of rich soil that would be ideal for growing cotton. T<span>he Mississippi Territory became the state of Mississippi on December 10, 1817. </span></div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div>Meigs arranged for a sale of public lands in Washington in October 1815. On the appointed day the village was overflowing with men interested in the land business. The crowd demanded that Nicholas Gray, the recently arrived register, permit private entries of lands before the formal close of the public sale. The inexperienced register vacillated, unsure of himself and uncertain where to turn for advice, and finally consented. Gray’s conduct of the sale provoked a storm of protest and many charges against his official conduct.” [18]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"> <span>Lewis Sewall was the register of the Land Office at St Stephens East of Pearl River. Lewis Sewall, like Nicholas Gray, also encountered large unruly crowds at the public land auctions with little personal protection. Sewall also had charges brought against him. </span><span>Some malicious Statements would probably be made against me to the Government for the double purpose of depriving me of my office and obtaining it for some of the friends of those making the Statements.</span><span> In a </span><span>letter from Lewis Sewall to Josiah Meigs dated Dec 8th, 1815 </span><span> "</span><span>Sir, Having received a letter from the Surveyor General an extract from which you will observe below combined with some apprehensions of my own that disturbances might arise during the Land Sales I thought it prudent to call on the Marshal of the Territory for the purpose of keeping order and preventing any interruption. </span><span>The land for Sale is occupied by intruders who threaten the assassination any person who will dare to bid for the lands those Intruders occupy. As the Sales approach I conceived it would be prudent to Call on the Marshal." [19]</span></div>
<div><div><div><div dir="ltr">Signed by Lewis Sewall </div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">In a letter dated December 4, 1815 from Josiah Meigs to Nicholas Gray. Meigs tells Gray " You did right to refuse to the Malcontents you mention permission to alter their purchases. You will take time for forwarding your returns of public sales sufficient to have them made out neatly and correctly. My last letter informed you that clerk hire could not be allowed neither can office rent or repairs of your office. So soon as a copy of the land laws can be procured it shall be sent to you in the mean time you can have access to the copy in the Receivers office Nearly the whole Edition was burnt by the British." [The copy of the land laws were destroyed by the British during the War of 1812] Josiah Meigs [20]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">JOSIAH MEIGS TO NICHOLAS GRAY - GENERAL LAND OFFICE Dec 6th, 1815, SIR "Representations have been made to me that lands have been sold by you at private sale pending the late public sales & before they closed that by this procedure some persons will be ruined and others materially injured the authors of these representations do not charge you with intentional error but are persuaded those private sales were illegal. That I may form a correct opinion upon this subject I have to request that you will immediately make me acquainted with all the circumstances that if you have unwittingly erred and I am satisfied you have not willingly, a remedy may be pointed out to relieve the parties injured." Josiah Meigs [21]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr">Robert Williams the former governor of the Mississippi Territory was the main adversary of Nicholas Gray. The resentment between the two men led to a knife fight in Grays office on March 5, 1816. " <span>In 1803 President </span><span>Thomas Jefferson appointed Williams to the federal commission empowered to determine the legitimacy of land claims in the recently acquired Mississippi Territory.'</span><span>'[22] " </span>Robert Williams, a prominent congressman from North Carolina, was appointed governor of the Mississippi Territory in 1805 by President Thomas Jefferson. Williams arrived in the town of Washington, six miles northeast of Natchez, on January 26, 1805. At this time he took up his duties as the new governor. Governor Williams was several times absent from his duties. He spent most of his time back home in North Carolina. His administration was filled with conflicts over land claims, producing a constant state of turmoil. Governor Williams became exceedingly unpopular. This culminated in his resignation on March 5, 1809." [23] <span> "</span><span>After leaving office, Williams lived in</span> Mississippi<span> and </span><span>North Carolina and operated </span> plantations<span>, he had served during the War of 1812 </span><span> as adjutant general </span><span>of the North Carolina militia.</span> " [24] </div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Nicholas Gray to Josiah Meigs on March 7, 1816, describes a conflict between himself and Robert Williams former governor of the Mississippi Territory. "The day before yesterday I was assaulted in my Office by the said Mr Williams whose hopes of injuring me had been somewhat damped as he has been defeated in his purpose of obtaining testimony upon those charges exhibited. Mr Williams attended by his partner a Mr Andrews & his brother in Law entered the office and interrupted the public business so much that I found it necessary to turn him out he however returned upon the door being opened for his hat and after striking at me with his hand he drew a dagger from his person not having had time to take it from its sheath he struck me repeatedly with it in the breast & until it was struck from his hand. I however succeeded in turning him out a second time I must sir apologize to you for taking up your time with these details. I merely do it for the purpose of shewing the malignity of this Williams the head of a desperate gang of Villains here. You will please return the application as I have taken it from the file of the office Accept Sir the assurance of my high respect NICHOLAS GRAY" [25]</div>
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<div dir="ltr">In the following letter Nicholas Gray, is describing what took place at the land auction on October 6, 1815 and that he did not have a Copy of the Laws. Gray states Mr. Robert Williams or his friends had a fair opportunity of purchasing land on the first day of the Sale. Gray reports that every man appeared to be only waiting for opportunity to help himself to his neighbours settlement. Surveyor General Thomas Freeman, an Irish immigrant, advises Gray to follow the advice of the more experienced Receiver of Public Monies, Mr Parke Walton. He had been a clerk in the Washington land office from 1805 until his appointment as receiver in 1810. Parke Walton had observed the land business in the Mississippi Territory for several years. Thomas Freeman came to America in 1774, and caught the attention of master surveyor George Washington and Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Gray writes to Meigs "Believe me Sir, I fear no man" </div>
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<div dir="ltr"> Nicholas Gray to Josiah Meigs GLO Washington Reg - Land Office West of PEARL RIVER 30th December 1815 SIR "I had the honor to receive your letter requiring from me all the circumstances relating to the last public Sales here Your Order Sir I shall not loose a moment in obeying Our Sales did commence as I am informed in the usual manner on the 6 October. A selection was then made of Townships in Wilkinson County as these were likely to sell best there being most people from that part of the territory present and thus were continued until the 24th of the month when the clamour was so great to enter lands which had been offered at auction that the Receiver and myself thought it wisest to gratify them having come from a distance and complaining of the expense of waiting more especially as the practice had been adopted in other Land offices there then did not appear to be a single individual dissatisfied all appeared to be pleased and expressed themselves so publicly. I must confess Sir, that upon the opening of those Sales I was ignorant of any Law which precluded the private Sale of Lands after they had once been offered at Auction nor was I made acquainted with it until the last day of their continuance when an altercation arose in my office between a Lawyer Williams and the Receiver of public monies with respect to a tract of land which had been forfeited by Williams. Not being in possession of a Copy of the Laws as I have before informed you Sir I acted according to what I conceived to be their provisions and the advice of those conversant in them. Should you take the trouble of referring to the Clause you will find that its expression is ambiguous and that an option is left which may be readily misunderstood. Mr Williams or his friends had a fair opportunity of purchasing on the first day of the Sale. Immediately prior to those Sales I communicated my fears lest any thing unpleasant should occur during their continuance owing to my inexperience in such duty to the Surveyor General Thomas Freeman Esq. he recommended me to be governed wholly by the Receiver of Public Monies in all cases where I wanted advice as He Mr Parke Walton had been in a great measure raised and had great experience in the duties of the Office this advice I strictly followed during the Sales and in two or three instances was induced to acquiesce in his opinion though contrary to my own Judgment. I had I confess a letter written and prepared to make you acquainted with what you now demand of me but as the Receiver informed me the practice was common and not objected to by the Treasury or Contrary to the Laws and by so continuing to sell by private Sale during the public Sales we had to all appearance gratified all concerned I was induced to withhold my letter I solemnly declare I know of but one person who has been injured by those sales. When the forfeitures were offered for sale there seemed to be a total want of enterprise amongst the buyers who made it a point of honor not to purchase but the feeling was wholly forgotten the next day every man appeared to be only waiting for opportunity to help himself to his neighbours settlement. Mr. Williams has pledged himself to nullify all my sales I feel gratified Sir that you have required of me this Statement officially but should be more pleased if you would appoint two Gentlemen impartial to examine the books Maps and all the documents in my Office before whom I shall display all and acquaint them with my Conduct since the commencement of my duties here for believe me Sir, I fear no Man nor any representation founded in jealousy and disappointment." I am Sir with much respect your most ob sr NICHOLAS GRAY [26]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr">In a letter dated January 23rd, 1816, Josiah Meigs describes to Nicholas Gray the charges against him. Your letter of the 30th was received this day and by the mail a letter exhibiting certain charges against you for misconduct as Register Annexed you have a copy of the said charges seven in number. That due attention will be paid to proofs of his assertions if he furnishes such proofs. I regret exceedingly that you have not paid more attention to the laws regulating the sales of public lands. Although you might not have found in your office the volume of land laws sent to your predecessor yet surely you might have had the use of those sent to the Receiver and Surveyor General. Exclusive of the injunctions of the laws it certainly is more convenient to close a public sale and afterwards receive applications for private purchase than to attend to public and private purchasers alternately besides if there had been no positive instructions on the subject in the laws the former course would have sheltered you from any imputation or suspicion of favouritism and given to parties desirous of having the same tracts an opportunity of deciding by lot who should have the preference. In the case where you inadvertently sold at private sale a tract which had not been offered at public sale you acted correctly in informing the party that his purchase was illegal. Josiah Meigs [27]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">To James Madison from Josiah Meigs, 13 February 1816</div>
<div><div dir="ltr">From Josiah Meigs</div>
<div dir="ltr"><div><div 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of Washington February 13, 1816.</span></p>
<p class="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"><span>Sir</span></p>
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<p>The late Proclamation relative to Intruders on the Public Lands<a 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id="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-03-10-02-0239-fn-0001-ptr" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-10-02-0239#JSMN-03-10-02-0239-fn-0001" title="jump to note 1" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" name="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-03-10-02-0239-fn-0001-ptr">1</a> having apparently caused a considerable excitement, I presume it not improper to communicate the inclosed Extract from a <span>Private</span> Letter received this day from Colonel Nicholas Gray, Register of the Land-Office at Washington. Mip.p.i. Territory, West of Pearl River. I have the honour to be very respectfully Yours.</p>
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class="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"><span>Land-Office, West of Pearl River. 22. January. 1816.</span></p>
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<p>Our Sales had begun to slacken, until the President’s Proclamation appeared, and had general circulation: this day I have sold 2782 Acres, and expect to-morrow to sell more.</p>
<div class="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"><p class="ydp10f4db5eyiv8080864928ydp320f5e3ayiv2548329009ydp92bc306ayiv9524336000ydpbf2f0c06yiv9529053486ydpc583b650yiv1980822162ydpcf72edfyiv4830289315ydp23ee399eyiv5141204789ydpeeb8dd6fyiv9997783029ydp8a7090e7yiv9205427093ydpac0939abyiv4678738002ydp4d7dcba4yiv7251943848ydpab82f646yiv6011318274ydp3debbc6eyiv5064150400ydp8dbe55c8yiv9271089491ydpc5ab9bb9yiv8327668028ydpcb6aa29ayiv8934951865ydpba2dd34byiv1869751011ydp37a26dceyiv9172999539ydp97c1dde8yiv7357996957ydpc08784aeyiv4023840579ydp5c64453eyiv5775318200ydp8141d351yiv3160819998ydp8cdabf49yiv4685074876ydp342f8375yiv9725867839ydpc1b691aeyiv4312981077ydpac8be370yiv5926105116ydpba3828adyiv8309827445ydp8128b420yiv2091188543ydpf6475f33yiv8846097615ydp1e894bb7yiv3501848215ydp4943e1e7yiv4876293936ydp59169d41yiv7254962095ydp1d6a7eccyiv1824344804ydp74659aaayiv8701731444ydp8bfe3a16yiv5067702042ydp3f97f245yiv6942655998ydpc2fe0b5ayiv1730591156ydpbedd24d6yiv7061583706ydp9d35ab24yiv2528889784ydpdf0701cfyiv5994205140ydp9aacccb9yiv6489777428ydp126eb8c0yiv5150487705ydpd31e13b4yiv2250892022ydp390cfee4yiv0217922791ydp63af9e8eyiv1349376630ydp312596e9yiv4185108436ydpb960c8d4yiv1689837854ydp75bbc93yiv9433057220ydp77561a4cyiv1605660317ydpdfb0b6e3yiv4049367536ydp31bb9d8cyiv3444435068ydpfa3835e6yiv1094890666ydp9c85080dyiv9506743771ydp702c5c78yiv0416291184ydpaea3e49dyiv7239743194ydp6570006yiv1949366311ydpc24b9442yiv9020827177ydp5c58fcf0yiv0799433536ydp323fd446yiv9339042887ydp62947493yiv4773747930ydpf3ca4afbyiv6324696531ydpaa9ae801yiv7454796733ydp67ac7ec3yiv2555292020ydp1e1f893fyiv2432324784ydpfc8fb03ayiv4885168182ydp5479f13fyiv1751964871ydpa8f6b728yiv2940967773ydp77c521c2yiv4703811991ydpb9e5d120yiv2710831145ydpd04fa454yiv8901306876ydp2f63bdf1yiv0849639082ydpcb1f2b4yiv1636809133ydp159d2eeyiv7458882927ydpf5ed254eyiv4197934838ydpad885805yiv3270625675ydp8d7cef2dyiv9443020244ydp36308b9cyiv2501571005ydp78040aa9yiv7765754317ydp13f43d5yiv9768485884ydp88e900e9yiv4781464395ydpba079b6byiv5588006388ydpa9b21864yiv3813438035ydpfe9c371yiv4772623119ydp26ae253fyiv5143377098ydpe1be4448yiv6438845937ydp3088390eyiv3279990143ydp9310c18yiv3424026130ydp85e2d192yiv4344515251ydpfc739772yiv1525283973ydpba43c2ecyiv2976012400ydp58175d87yiv8963122800ydpb0a54e4byiv0174563499ydp9bb39d30yiv4242113540ydp6b4d3525yiv6673833896ydp6af21866yiv4628592350ydp2d354b4byiv3622409220ydpc50529feyiv2318113472ydpbef386fdyiv9422972177ydpde88b32eyiv1119721920ydp3d582351signed">Nicholas Gray.</p>
<div>Josiah Meigs” [28]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><span>Thomas Freeman, an Irishman, was the Surveyor-General for the Southern District of the Mississippi Territory, stationed in Washington, the capital of the Mississippi Territory. In the following letter Josiah Meigs, agrees with Thomas Freeman, statement about Nicholas Gray, " that</span> I agree with you entirely that if any errors have been made in the sales by the register [Nicholas Gray] that they arose from the pressure of business and his inexperience in it."</div>
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<div dir="ltr">JOSIAH MEIGS TO THOMAS FREEMAN GLO GENERAL LAND OFFICE 8th April 1816 SIR Your letter of 4th and 27 with a Sketch of your plan for surveying part of the lands acquired by General Jacksons treaty has been received and the plan is approved the President. Where false returns have been made by surveyors and the fraud is discovered patents will not issue for more than the quantity confirmed by the Commissioners. Your nomination of Charles De France and William Brown as District surveyors is approved. The township maps which you ask for will be sent by this mail to be corrected, I agree with you entirely that if any errors have been made in the sales by the register [Nicholas Gray] that they arose from the pressure of business and his inexperience in it. I trust that by the appointment of District surveyors and your attention that the part of the district which you found in confusion will soon be reduced into order and the frauds which may have been committed detected. [29]</div>
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<div dir="ltr">In the letter below Nicholas Gray reports to Brig. General Parker that General Andrew Jackson is in good health. Malcolm J. Rohrbough in his book the "The Land Office Business" writes "Andrew Jackson understood frontier politics, and he and his advisers readily grasped the part that the land business might play in the birth and growth of an aspiring political party." Gray is also interested in his repayment of money spent to help Lt. Dumas.</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Nicholas Gray writes on April 29, 1816 from Washington, Mississippi Territory " General Jackson was through here on the 25th, on his way to Nashville from New Orleans in good health." [General Andrew Jackson <span>was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States </span><span>from 1829 to 1837]</span><span> In this same letter to Brig. General Parker Adjacent and Inspector General, " I take the liberty to enter to you an account of Lieut. Dumas of the US Corp of Engineers who was detained here by sickness. Also the letter of General Swift lately received from the Lieut. Dumas himself. I trust those documents may be found by the proper office sufficiently authorization to order my payment. I brought him here from Natchez. There was not any doctor of the Army here and Doctor Cox was employed whose bill I paid at the request of the Lieutenant in whose hands it remains. In a communication to Mr. Meigs the commisioner of the General Land Office - I enclosed a letter to you. If agreeable an order to the Rec of public monies to repay me would be very acceptable just now." Nicholas Gray Register Land Office West of Pearl River [30]</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr"><span>Gray to Meigs on May 24, 1816. "</span>I enclose to you a list of forfeited preemptions which have been sold . Should these tracts be advertised for Sale I have no doubt of the revival of old animosities and troubles. Which have now all subsided be that as it may I am at all times ready to do my duty when you give the order." [31]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Letter from Nicholas Gray to Josiah Meigs dated June 7, 1816. " I take the liberty of enclosing the News paper in which the presentment from the Grand Jury of Amite County is inserted it has been much curtailed since I had my information and is somewhat different from what I wrote you about it. Mr Ware our Secretary of the Territory acting as Governor has refused to shew it any Countenance and sent back the communication made to him with a sharp remonstrance. It would be extremely grateful to my feeling and of my few friends here if your approbation of my conduct could in some shape be published so as to give confidence and for the short time I remain to prepare my departure in peace." Nicholas Gray [32]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div><div class="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" title="Page 1" dir="ltr">Nicholas Gray to Josiah Meigs July 15, 1816, SIR, "I have the honor to enclose you my returns of Lands applied for Monies entered and cancelled receipts for the month of June last. The law you enclosed me in letter of 30th April, relative to Settlers I have inserted in the News papers of Natchez immediately together with a Notice from myself there are but Seven townships in this district which have not been already offered for Sale these are nearly covered with Claims. I hope my conduct will meet your approbation. The demand for lands since the 1st, July seems as great as ever all payments are made in the Mississippi Stock." Nicholas Gray [33]</div>
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<div> In 1816 a notice was printed in the Niles Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, that Colonel Nicholas Gray, after having consulted with the governor of the Mississippi Territory, was authorized to invite any number of industrious emigrants into that Country where they would be provided with lands, rent free, for three years and with cattle and corn at the usual rates".[34]</div>
<div dir="ltr">Michael Durey in his book "Transatlantic Radicals" writes that the offer of land in the Mississippi Territory was "One scheme to help disperse the Irish that came from the Wexford rebel Nicholas Gray, to Irishmen willing to move so far from the eastern seaboard." "Nicholas Gray denies showing favor to Irish buyers and states no sales took place, but at the same time it would give me pleasure to sell a good piece of land to an Irishman." [35]</div>
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<div><div dir="ltr">Washington, Mississippi Territory from Nicholas Gray</div>
<div dir="ltr">Brig General Parker, August 2, 1816, Dear Sir, "I take the liberty of enclosing to you, at the request of Lieut. Dumas his letter for Mr. Tucker with a duplicate draft on certificate and one to me to show that I have not yet been paid, but if he had it not in his power. I have no right to complain - If Sir, it could be so managed that the money the Lieut. owes me could be separated [as you will see his intention is to repay me out of this] it would benefit me most particularly. The Lieut. had his pocket picked at his boarding house in New Orleans. I believe the very day he received the draft. If I knew, Dr Sir, in what manner I could convey my thanks to you for your many acts of kindness, I should feel grateful. you will do me a favor, in addition, by asking Col Watson whether he has received my last letter enclosing his money." Believe me Dr. Sir sincerely, Nicholas Gray [36]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"> Nicholas Gray writes to Josiah Meigs on Sep 10, 1816. "With respect Sir to the latter part of your letter of the 8th_No lands were offered for Sale at the Auction referred to but such as had been sold five years & some months over prior to their being advertised and being doubtful about the propriety of employing a Crier at the Auction not knowing if payment would be allowed one. I was myself Crier and Auctioneer Also Lawyer Judge and Register. My returns for August were ready to be transmitted when your letter of the 5th o Arrived all were obliged to be new modelled I hope to send them off Sir in another week. The demand for lands is so great I have not time within office hours to attend to my returns or books." I am Sir very respectfully your most ob NICHOLAS GRAY Register." [37] The land sold in 1814-15 was 2,833 20 acres for the amount of 5,668 40 dollar's. In 1816-17 there was 175,609 37 acres sold for the amount of 352,213.06 dollar's, this was a substantial increase in just one year. </div>
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<div dir="ltr"> Lt. Dumas, New Orleans, Oct 14, 1816 to Brig. General Parker. War Department</div>
<div dir="ltr">Sir, "I am advised by Colonel Gray to inform you I have the draft of 58.80 on the cashier of the Louisiana bank and 500 the amount of warrant signed by the Secretary of War in my behalf, was found and paid to me a few days after you were informed that I had lost it. The cashier of the Louisiana bank promised me that he would without delay this business to the War Department." With great consideration I have the honor. Sir Your Obedient Servant Lt. Dumas [38]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Nicholas Gray writes to Josiah Meigs Esque Commissioner General Land Office on Oct 18th, 1816. SIR "I received your letter of the 23 September 20 last in which you speak of an anonymous letter addressed to the President of the United States denouncing me and the Receiver as Speculators & Peculators I am not Sir at a great loss to guess the Author of the letter from its phraseology and vulgarity of style as relates to the part quoted I set it down as the production of the Surveyors Clerk Ludlow a poor creature. The birth of the Registers kind fate took date on the day he recorded one only plat of Land which was but a few days since and he now already boasts of retiring in and Splendor he blows the fire that burns him. Believe me Sir I am alike a Stranger to acts of dishonor amongst which I class those of dishonesty as I am to Ease and splendor neither have I recorded for myself a Single acre or pole of land since I arrived in the United States much less in this Territory. A Nephew of a Colonel Jno Steele who resides near Natchez offered me some land about 70 acres on a credit of 5 years which I would have purchased and erected Baths & a Tan Yard on as there is a Valuable spring on it and the only one near Natchez's but I could not get a partner and I was too poor to commence it myself. I have no connection with the Receiver neither do I know any thing about him or of him except as Receiver of public Monies." signed Nicholas Gray [39]</div>
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<div dir="ltr">In the the letter below Nicholas Gray, is interested in a Military appointment and his son Nicholas Jr, would take charge of the Land Office.</div>
<div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr">A letter from Nicholas Gray to Brig General Parker from Washington, Mississippi Territory, December 7, 1816</div>
<div dir="ltr">"I take the liberty of writing a letter for Col Watson by his directions on the Military. Since the arrival of General Ripley here who visited this place on friday last a report whether will or ill founded how spread, of a War with Spain - it has not originated either with him, or our Governor, and perhaps may be conjecture for people what they would wish should happen - A War with Spain would be extremely popular in this Country - should such be the decision of our government the Commanding General would want an Inspector General and if approved of I should gladly accept of the situation, provided in case of Peace, I might return to my present situation, if this would be granted my son could take charge of this office being every way capable of doing the duties of it [and my family would not be disturbed] under the guidance of the Surveyor General who resides here - and if can spare time do me the honor of answer soon." Accept Dear Sir my sincere esteem Nicholas Gray Rec Land Office [40]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">This letter is to Governor Holmes of the Mississippi Territory from Josiah Meigs on December 23, 1816. The letter is concerning Nicholas Gray's conduct as Register of the Land Office at Washington, Mississippi Territory. "Sir Complaints from Several Persons against Mr Gray Register of the Land Office at Washington were received last winter through the agency of one person who has renewed those complaints of late & appears very anxious to have Mr Gray dismissed according to those Representations. Mr Gray appears in some instances to have misunderstood the Laws relative to Sales of Land & the consequence was offence perhaps injury to some Citizens he is also charged with inattention to business & haughtiness of Demeanor in Office Anonymous letters have been received charging him with having enriched himself at the public expense This I am pretty sure is impossible." Josiah Meigs [41]</div>
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<div>Letter to the editor, defending his conduct as register of the the land office, signed and dated: Nicholas Gray, July 5, 1817. [Supplement to the Natchez Intelligencer] It may be necessary for me to notice a publication signed by Robert Williams, which appeared in your last paper, address to " The People West of Pearl River". Intending to take no farther notice of any news paper publication, I will to my friends, and for the information of such of the people of this Land District as have a knowledge of the land laws, and of the registers duty as an Officer of the treasury, the merits of each case separately, as they have appeared as charges. I declare no fees were taken by me for selling public lands. Nicholas Gray states that no illegal sell of land was done by him or his son Nicholas Gray Jr. who was a clerk at his father's land office. My son has undoubtedly every right to purchase Lands - the arrangement of lots he can have no knowledge of, persons who were present at the time of drawing, know the truth of this. I have always had a regular correspondence with the treasury department. Nicholas Gray also denies showing favor to Irish buyers and states no sales took place, but at the same time he states it would give me pleasure to sell a good piece of land to an Irishman. The first application for forfeited lands was made by Mr. Jeremiah Hunt to Mr. Walton, during the sales in 1815 - it was for a tract on the Mississippi forfeited by Robert Williams, and had been as Mr. Hunt said mortgaged to him. Mr. Walton wrote the application, and Mr. Hunt signed it, upon which a very abusive altercation took place in my office between Williams and Walton. When Williams vowed eternal vengeance against Walton, and said he would at every sale, endeavor to annul the entire of the sales. There was a plot detected, which was calculated to destroy my reputation - thus my friends and the public, will see the premeditated intention of persecution from the beginning. I defy the proof of any of the charges made by Williams, other than what I have stated. As to the idea of my administration being unpopular, it can have no consideration with me as register of the land office. My guides are the land laws and the instructions from the treasury department - when they are observed no honest man will complain. signed Nicholas Gray [42] </div>
<div><div dir="ltr">Nicholas Gray resigned as Register of the Land Office of the United States, west of Pearl River on November 27, 1818. Nicholas Gray Jr. in 1821, was employed by Thomas Freeman, surveyor of the United States south of the State of Tennessee, as a clerk in his office. Nicholas Gray Jr. was nominated by John Quincy Adams to be Register of the Land Office at Washington, Mississippi on May 9, 1826 and confirmed on May 10, 1826. Lieutenant Henry Gray of Albany, New York in 1818 was reported by the United States Navy as deceased and that he had left no property. Henry Gray served as Midshipman on the USS Essex during the War of 1812. Henry was born in Ireland, to United Irishman Nicholas and Elinor [Hughes] Gray of Wexford Ireland. Henry was most likely named after his uncle United Irishman Henry Hughes. <span>Lieutenant Dumas obtained the rank of a Captain on March 31, 1819 and resigned from military service in 1825. </span> The following is taken from several personal letters written by Nicholas Gray "<span>The great and good Mr Emmet has released me out of my difficulties and has been a father to us.</span> <span> Mr. Emmet has been ill but is now quite well, thank providence God preserves him to his amiable family.".</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr">[18] The Land Office Business by Malcolm J. Rohrbough</div>
<div dir="ltr">[19] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[20] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[21] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[22] Wikipedia</div>
<div dir="ltr">[23] The Governors of Mississippi by Cecil L. Sumners</div>
<div dir="ltr">[24] Wikipedia </div>
<div dir="ltr">[25] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[26] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[27] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[28] National Archives</div>
<div dir="ltr">[29] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[30] Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821</div>
<div dir="ltr">[31] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[32] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[33] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[34] Niles Weekly Register-The South in the building of the Nation-Volume 5, page 599</div>
<div dir="ltr">[35] Letter by Nicholas Gray, to The Natchez Intelligencer, July 5, 1817. Early American Imprints.</div>
<div dir="ltr">[36] Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821</div>
<div dir="ltr">[37] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[38] Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821</div>
<div dir="ltr">[39] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[40] Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821</div>
<div dir="ltr">[41] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[42] Letter by Nicholas Gray, to The Natchez Intelligencer, July 5, 1817. Early American Imprints.</div>
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<p></p>United Irishman Nicholas Gray: Mississippi Territory -- 'Believe Me, Sir, I Fear No Man' Part 1tag:thewildgeese.irish,2021-07-23:6442157:BlogPost:2949032021-07-23T12:30:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
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<p> Above, <span>Mississippi Territory (1798-1817), Wikipedia</span></p>
<div><div dir="ltr"><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">N</span>icholas Gray was a young attorney from Wexford, when he was sentenced</strong> to be executed after the 1798 Rebellion. Gray and his brother-in-law, Henry…</div>
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<p> Above, <span>Mississippi Territory (1798-1817), Wikipedia</span></p>
<div><div dir="ltr"><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">N</span>icholas Gray was a young attorney from Wexford, when he was sentenced</strong> to be executed after the 1798 Rebellion. Gray and his brother-in-law, Henry Hughes, were very fortunate to escape death. Captain James Boyd interceded for a pardon and saved Gray's life. They had been friends since Gray's childhood, and he had served as a Yeomen under Captain Boyd.[1] During the 1798 Rising, Nicholas Gray was instrumental in saving the lives of many loyalists in Wexford including his brother Joseph, a Magistrate and Captain in the Wexford militia, who is my direct ancestor.[2] </div>
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<div dir="ltr">Nicholas Gray, while serving as Inspector General of New York, during the War of 1812, suffered from every article of consumption due to his harsh treatment at Kilmainham and Wexford Goal prisons in Ireland. Gray describes his time at Kilmainham Prison, August 12th, 1804. " Mr. Gray can give an affecting detail of Mr. Trevor's [Dr Edward Trevor] barbarous treatment of him, both in Kilmainham, and in Buckridge-court, Ship-street."[3] In a letter from Governor Tompkins of New York to Paul Hamilton, Secretary of the Navy dated, Albany, January 16, 1812 "The protracted sickness of General Gray who officiates as my private secretary, has elicited fears of an approaching consumption, and his great anxiety for the welfare of his children, whom he will leave in slender circumstances, has created much sensibility among his numerous friends." [4]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Gray became aide-de-camp to Bagenal Harvey during the Wexford uprising in 1798. Gray was considered "A most desperate and dangerous fellow," he so distinguished himself at the battle of New Ross that he "nearly won it by his own personal intrepidity." In 1803, Gray was commander of the Kildare forces that participated in Emmet's rebellion. William Wickham, the chief secretary to Ireland, says Nicholas Gray and Thomas Cloney were "the most artful desperate and incorrigible rebels in the country," They were part of "A handful of wandering politicians who have neither birth, family, character nor credit to sustain them." Little effort was made to capture Gray, for everyone thought that he had not survived the rebellion. [.5]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"> <span> Kilmainham Gaol located in Dublin, Ireland</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">William Wickham, the spy who investigated Nicholas Gray, Thomas Cloney, and Robert Emmet, was a British civil servant and politician who was a founder of the British foreign secret service. <span>Wickham was tasked with investigating the conspiracy and with the capture and interrogation of Emmet and his lieutenants. </span>Before leaving his prison cell for the last time, Robert Emmet wrote to the Chief Secretary Wickham giving an account of his motives and thanking him for his fair treatment he had received. It was a letter Wickham was latter to refer to as his "constant companion." Wickham proposed that had he been an Irishman, he "should most unquestionably have joined him." Wickham ended his career in government service in 1804, resigning his post in Ireland where, privately he denounced policies as "unjust" and "oppressive". To friends he declared that "no consideration upon earth" could induce him "to remain after having maturely reflected on the contents of Emmet's letter". Emmet had been attempting to save Ireland from "a state of depression and humiliation."[6] William Wickham, the British spy was haunted by remorse for the rest of his life for his part in the death of Emmet. </div>
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<div><div dir="ltr">The United Irishmen continued their relationships in the United States. Gray was in contact with Alexander Denniston and Thomas Traynor " who made an extraordinary escape out of the Castle. He is now here and is well, all of his family are well also, they live about 10 miles from here." [7] Nicholas Gray writes that Thomas Addis Emmet, has been like a father to him and his family since arriving in the United States. Nicholas Gray borrowed money from Mr, Emmet of New York, to help with expenses for his trip to the Mississippi Territory. Thomas Addis Emmet was Robert's older brother and was held at Kilmainham in 1798. Gray had numerous friends while living in New York along with Emmet, seven Republican members of Congress requested "the particular patronage of the president" for Gray. Alexander Denniston recommended Nicholas Gray for appointment as Colonel of the Irish 27th Infantry Regiment in a letter to James Madison, dated February 12, 1815. Nicholas Gray is now in the process of moving to the Mississippi Territory, where he will encounter such individuals as Irish Surveyor Thomas Freeman and General Andrew Jackson. </div>
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<div dir="ltr">Richard V. Barbuto in his newly released book titled "New York's War of 1812" describes Nicholas Gray as being brought to life. He writes "the state's military operations were no doubt enhanced by refugees from the 1798 Rebellion in Ireland. Officers such as Nicholas Gray, Alexander Denniston, and James McKeon served competently in positions of responsibility and danger." Irish writer Seamus Cullen in his book "The Emmet Rising in Kildare" has a chapter dedicated to Nicholas Gray.</div>
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<div><div dir="ltr">Josiah Meigs was appointed Surveyor General by President James Madison in 1812, while living in Cincinnati, Ohio. He then was appointed Commissioner of the United States General Land Office in Washington, D.C. in 1814. During his tenure at the U.S. Land Office, under Jefferson, he instituted the nation's first system of daily meteorological observations at the land offices throughout the country which evolved into the National Weather Service .[8]</div>
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dir="ltr">In the letter below Josiah Meigs writes to President James Madison concerning the position of Land register of the Land office West of Pearl river located in the Mississippi Territory. Nicholas Gray served during the War of 1812, as an Irish Officer before becoming an American citizen late in 1814.</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">To James Madison from Josiah Meigs, March 17, 1815</div>
<div dir="ltr">From Josiah Meigs</div>
<div 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17 March 1815]</span></p>
<p class="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"><span>Sir,</span></p>
</div>
<div dir="ltr"><div class="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"><p>Colonel Nicholas Gray, recommended by D. Parker Adjutant General.</p>
<div>Without suggesting anything to the prejudice of the other candidates I think I perform a duty to a brave and meritorious officer of the army of the United States when I recommend Nicholas Gray Esqr. late Inspector General of the third military district which is respectfully submitted.</div>
<div dir="ltr">signed Josiah Meigs [9]</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Nicholas Gray has been appointed register of the land office West of Pearl river in the Mississippi Territory and also solicits appointment as Secretary of the territory. The following letter is to the Secretary of State, James Monroe, dated March 30, 1815, </div>
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<div><div dir="ltr">NICHOLAS GRAY TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE, WASHINGTON March 30th, 1815 HON James Monroe Secretary of State SIR, Understanding that the situation of Register to the Mississippi territory has been conferred upon me and that the salary attached thereto is only five hundred dollars per annum I am induced to solicit the honor of your patronage further by requesting the additional situation of Secretary to the territory which I am informed has been heretofore filled by the Register may be also conferred upon me. The great expense of removing my family from New York to Washington Mississippi and the heavy loss I have sustained by residing in New York for these two years past as Inspector General is already known to you Sir not only through my former letters but through the friendship of Maj Gen PB Porter. This additional salary of the Secretary of the territory would be a reasonable relief and perfectly answer the benevolent intentions of my friends I have the honor to Subscribe myself Sir your Most ob Humble Servant NICHOLAS GRAY Inspector General [10]</div>
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<div dir="ltr">In the letter above Gray states his friendship with Major General Peter Buell Porter. Nicholas Gray lived with then Quarter Master General P,B. Porter, at the Lewiston, Headquarters in 1812. Peter B. Porter was admitted to the bar 1793. As a member of Congress, Porter, along with Henry Clay and others, pressured Madison to end the discussion and take up arms against England. While in Congress, Porter, pushed for greater numbers of soldiers and supplies. He offered his experience to the Military. Beginning in May 1812, he served as assistant quartermaster general in the New York State Militia. " [11]</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br/><div dir="ltr"><span>Colonel Nicholas Gray was recommended by Daniel Parker Adjutant General to be </span>appointed register of the land office West of Pearl river in the Mississippi Territory. Daniel Parker became adjutant general and inspector general of the U.S. Army, on November 22, 1814. Nicholas Gray in the letter below is describing to General Parker his trip to the Mississippi Territory. Gray corresponded with Brig General Parker, during his time as register of the Land Office. Nicholas Gray is very interested in continuing his Military career. </div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Nicholas Gray writes to Brig General Parker from Philadelphia, May 8th, 1815. "I have the honor to report to you that I arrived here - since I have been confirmed - Tomorrow I shall proceed for Pittsburg on my journey to the Mississippi, on my arrival there I shall have the honor to write you - to your directions." With great respect Nicholas Gray Inspector General [12]</div>
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<div><div><div dir="ltr">Nicholas Gray to Brig General Daniel Parker from Washington Mississippi Territory July 20, 1815. </div>
<div dir="ltr">"I have the honor to report to you my arrival here to your instruction. It would add to the many kindness I have received from you if you would favor me with a letter as soon as convenient with relation to my situation or connection with the Army of the United States when and how I am or if I yet continue attached to it, or may expect to be so. My location here, the most deplorable part of the known World might enable me yet serviceable to the Army and myself." Accept Sir my sincere esteem and regard. Nicholas Gray Inspector General .[13] </div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><span>Lieutenant Dumas of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, a native of France, was a friend of Nicholas Gray. </span><span> Lieut. Dumas had been an ensign on the French ship Alexander, in November of 1806.</span><span> Lt. Hipolite Dumas joined the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on August 3, 1813 and served during the War of 1812. </span><span>A certificate of appointment was issued to Hipolite Dumas commissioning him as a 1st Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers signed by President James Madison and Secretary of War James Monroe, January 3, 1815. </span><span>The first official orders from the Chief of Engineers J G Swift were sent to Lieutenant Dumas, on May 4, 1815 to survey the Gulf Coast Frontier. Dumas was instructed as follows: </span><span>Lieut. H. Dumas, New York May 4th, 1815 Corps of Engineers. Sir, "</span><span>You will proceed to Mobile and New Orleans and examine the state of the works erected for the defense of those places, which you will report to me, together with the requisite plans and estimates for the repairs to place the works in a permanent state of defense. You will examine water courses, roads, and passes, leading to and from Mobile and New Orleans and will select positions on which it may be necessary to erect works for the additional security of the before mentioned places. I wish a good topographical map of the country from Pensacola to Lake Barataria, west of New Orleans. The Secretary of War requires you to “report to him the means that have been taken to secure, and the preservation of the artillery and other public property at the several forts and fortifications in your district, and also the number of men that would be necessary on a peace establishment to be kept at each fort.” A copy of the above required report you will enclose to me. I am respectfully, </span><span>J G Swift (signed) [14] </span></div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Nicholas Gray, in a letter dated November 10, 1815 to Brigadier General Parker wants his back pay from being Inspector General of New York sent to Thomas Addis Emmet of New York. He also says that Lieut. Dumas, is very ill at Natchez, Ms and that he plans on bringing Lieut. Dumas to his home in Natchez.</div>
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<div dir="ltr">"In a former letter to ask a favor of you and know you to be a friend to justice - While in service in New York I was allowed office Rent and quarters as Inspector General. My accounts were regularly made out and tenured to the then Quarter Master - who I am informed that never paid their amount. He had sent my account with others to Washington where they would be paid - in the hurry to commence my journey here I never thought of keeping a Copy of the amount - there would be no necessity, but the amount is to serious to me to loose being about one hundred fifty, or seventy dollars. I have given an order to Mr Emmet of New York to receive whatever may be coming to me. I borrowed money from him to defray my expenses here. I am to apply for the allowance of office rent and quarters. I shall consider my self obligated to you." PS - "My son Nicholas, resignation from the Military school accepted and he sent it to General Swift in April last. Lieut. Dumas of the Corps of Engineers is dangerously ill at Natchez. I have been to see him and intend going on Tuesday next then to bring him to my home, for he has been much neglected - His disorder originated in from caught upon the river Ohio, and for want of attendance has a dangerous appearance like the yellow fever but is not that disease - he has been three weeks confined to his bed in Natchez. - and I fear will be a long time before he can pursue his route to New Orleans where he has been ordered." signed Nicholas Gray Land Office Washington, Mississippi Territory [15]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Nicholas Gray describes to Brigadier General Daniel Parker, Adjutant General the condition of Lieut. Dumas. That he is in the fangs of a greedy tavern keeper who is taking his money. The letter is dated Nov 16, 1815</div>
<div dir="ltr">Sir, " In a letter of last mail I have the honor to address you giving you a great deal of trouble for which I beg to apologize - and mentioned the disturbing state of Lieut. Dumas of the Corp of Engineers who was dangerously sick at Natchez. Since my letter I have succeeded in getting him to my house here, and have the pleasure to say that he is recovering, but will be more than a month before he can proceed on his route to New Orleans. I found him in the fangs of a rapacious tavern keeper and itinerant quack, has placed him of every cost of money. It is his request that I should apprise you, Sir, of his state, and request [as there is no pay master in this neighborhood for the Army] that you would please to forward to him a necessary supply, he is unable to write himself, but Doctor Cox who attends him here has strong hope of his recovery." PS - "Lieut. Dumas being acquainted with all the late regulations requests that of the enclosed accounts are informal that you will please to consider his situation, and have the necessary alteration made in them, and forward as speedily as possible." signed Nicholas Gray Land Office Washington, Mississippi Territory [16]</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Brigadier General J..G. Swift, Corps of Engineers, in the letter below thank's Nicholas Gray for his kindness shown towards Lieut. Dumas. He writes that this is the first intelligence from Lt. Dumas, since he left Pittsburg. He wants Nicholas Gray to take care of Lt. Dumas needs and he will be reimbursed for money spent by drafts.</div>
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<p> <span>J.G. Swift Corps of Engineers to Nicholas Gray dated Dec 14, 1815, New York </span></p>
<div dir="ltr">Col. Nicholas Gray Register Land Office - West of Pearl River Mississippi Territory </div>
<div dir="ltr">New York, Dec 14, 1815 "Dear Sir, Yesterday I received your letter of the 20th and am much obliged by your communication and your Kind attention to Lieut. Dumas - Your assessment of the unfortunate situation in which you found Lt. Dumas is the first intelligence I have with relation to him or Lt. Poole - since they left Pittsburg. In a few days I shall go to City Washington and will make arrangements to have Lieut. Dumas supplies with friends from that place, in the meantime, I will thank you to supply his wants, - Any advanced made by you will be reimbursed and with pleasure by drafts, or as you may have, - on receipt of this please to favor me with further accounts of Lt. Dumas, Direct to City Washington, I shall inform the Sec of War of your friendly attentions to Lt. Dumas." With much respect signed J.G. Swift. Corps of Engineers [17]</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div>[1]<span>A Divided Family in 1798: The Grays of Whitefort and Jamestown” by Sir David Goodall. Journal of The Wexford Historical Society 94-95</span></div>
<div dir="ltr"><span>[2] </span>"The Emmet Rising in Kildare" by Seamus Cullen</div>
<div dir="ltr">[3]<font color="#454545" face="Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span> </span></font>Memoir of the Case of St. John Mason, Esq. Barrister-at -Law by Saint John Mason, page 13</div>
<div dir="ltr">[4] The Public Papers of Daniel D Tompkins, Governor of New York, 1807-1817, Volume 2</div>
<div dir="ltr">[5] Transatlantic Radicals and the Early American Republic" by Michael Durey</div>
<div dir="ltr">[6] Wikipedia</div>
<div dir="ltr">[7] Letter from Nicholas Gray to Mr. Patten Trinity College Library Dublin Ref Ms [276] researched by Paula Hayes</div>
<div dir="ltr">[8] Wikipedia</div>
<div dir="ltr">[9] National Archives</div>
<div dir="ltr">[10] Territorial Papers of the United States by Carter Volume VI Mississippi</div>
<div dir="ltr">[11] Wikipedia</div>
<div dir="ltr">[12] Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821</div>
<div dir="ltr">[13] Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821</div>
<div dir="ltr">[14] U.S. Army Corps Engineers Mobile District</div>
<div dir="ltr">[15] Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821</div>
<div dir="ltr">[16] Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821</div>
<div dir="ltr">[17] Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821</div>
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<p></p>Col. Nicholas Gray: Inspector General, 3rd Military District, N.Y.tag:thewildgeese.irish,2020-06-26:6442157:BlogPost:2473592020-06-26T18:00:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
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<div><p><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">F</span>rederick Hall was born a slave on Benjamin Oden's plantation in Prince George County, Maryland.</strong> Frederick Hall was better known by the alias of William Williams. Oden advertised in the Baltimore newspaper on May 18, 1814, that Williams was a runaway. Despite being a wanted man, Williams…</p>
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<div><p><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">F</span>rederick Hall was born a slave on Benjamin Oden's plantation in Prince George County, Maryland.</strong> Frederick Hall was better known by the alias of William Williams. Oden advertised in the Baltimore newspaper on May 18, 1814, that Williams was a runaway. Despite being a wanted man, Williams enlisted in the 38th U.S. Infantry. It was not legal for the United States government to enlist slaves, but quotas needed to be filled. Williams earned a $50 bonus for signing and $8 a month salary. [1] Image [William Williams - U.S. National Park Service]</p>
<p>William Willams traveled with his unit to Fort McHenry on September 10, 1814. He fought in the Battle of Baltimore on September 13th and received a severe wound to his leg. He later died in a Baltimore hospital. Williams defended a homeland in which he would never be a full citizen. [2] </p>
<p>African Americans fought on both sides during the War of 1812. "Even when on opposing sides, many were fighting for the same reason and that reason was freedom. The British offered Black soldiers freedom in exchange for their service. On the American side, African Americans played an important part in many battles such as the Battle of Lake Erie, the battles around Baltimore, during the bombardment of Fort McHenry, and the Battle of New Orleans. Many sacrificed everything for a country that did not treat them equally."[3] "Black volunteers in large numbers stepped forward to defend homelands which paradoxically deprived them of basic freedoms for which they fought." [4] </p>
<p>One of the leading proponents of black troops was Inspector General Nicholas Gray. "In the United Irish tradition, he was heavily invested in winning the war. With so many Irish immigrants serving in the beleaguered army, their leaders sought to ease their burden with black reinforcements. In their openness to black potential, this generation of Irish-American leaders represented an alternative to the racism later embraced by white immigrants to escape their own subordination." [5] </p>
<p>Letter sent by Nicholas Gray to Washington October 1, 1814, to Honorable James Monroe Secretary of War</p>
<p><em>I beg to address you on a project which I have submitted to Major Giles Galliard Taylor and several of the Southern Senators, and which most the approbation of General Armstrong.</em></p>
<p><em>I wish to have liberty to recruit in the neighborhoods of New York and Boston, a Brigade of free Blacks, which with the attention I should pay to them would be raised and disciplined by the Month of February ready for Service. One half the time one White Regiment can be recruited, to be attached to the Northern Army or otherwise. </em></p>
<p><em>My project will if it should be so fortunate as to meet your approbation and that of the President and Congress, gratify my wishes two-fold. It will give me Rank, and enable me to render great and lasting service to this Country.</em></p>
<p><em>I am Sir with great respect your most obedient Nicholas Gray, Inspector General [6]</em></p>
<p>David Coffey of Dublin, Ireland, discovered this interesting article that was published in New York. "New York, March 30, 1813, Military Appointment - Nicholas Gray has been in this country a few years and has earned a living during a considerable part of his time as a deputy clerk in Mr. Bloodgood's office at Albany -- This is certainly a reputable way of earning a livelihood, nor is it mentioned by way of disparagement to the new Inspector General. But as the Inspector General has not yet been naturalized, as he is not an American citizen, but is an alien. I should be glad to know what there is to prevent the marshal of the district from arresting the Inspector General and sending him away from his troops forty miles from tidewaters." [7]</p>
<p>The above article was written right after Gray had been appointed Inspector General on March 23, 1813. Nicholas Gray was still not a Naturalized Citizen as of Feb 13th, 1814, as he writes in a letter to the Secretary of War, John Armstrong. </p>
<p>Inspector Generals Office New York, Feb 13, 1814, to Honorable Secretary of War - "Sir, I am induced to write you this letter, from the ground that Doctor Ackerly and his friends have taken, with relation to the pending Court-Martial. I have heard from undoubted authority, that an objection to my Competency as a prosecutor, is to be made in the score of my not being a Naturalized Citizen of these States. Notwithstanding my appointment by The President and Senate."[8]</p>
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<p>To the Honorable John Armstrong, Aug 6, 1814: "I have the honor to again assist you, that this morning I have been ordered under arrest by the Commanding General. I only desire impartial men upon the court and such as are not frantic enough to accuse the government for having employed me.” The 3rd Military district of the U.S. Judge Advocate's office: "Sir, the charges against Col. Nicholas Gray, Inspector General of this District, having been withdrawn by the prosecution, Charles Humphrey, and for discharging the prisoner from his arrest. Henry Wheaton, Judge Advocate." [9] With not being a Naturalized Citizen the approaching trial and possibility of Court-Martial made Gray's duties as Inspector General more stressful to perform. Gray had thoughts of returning to Ireland, as written in his letter to Mr. Patten: “If the news of old George’s death be true, do you think anything will be done for the unfortunate exiles, for I should wish to return in case persecution had ceased and no further danger of prisons.” [10] </p>
<p>Francis Bloodgood was born on June 12 , 1775 in Albany, New York. He studied at Yale University and established a law firm in Albany. He became director and president of the State Bank and president of the Albany Insurance Co. From 1797 to 1825 he was clerk of the New York Supreme Court. He was elected Mayor of Albany, New York in 1831 and 1833. When Francis Bloodgood entered office in 1831, he paid all debts of those in debtors prison. Bloodgood was involved in a street brawl in April 1807 over a political dispute with Solomon Van Rensselaer. They exchanged blows and it was reported Mr. Bloodgood struck Van Rensselaer on the head with a large cane. He later paid Solomon Van Rensselaer for injuries he received in the brawl. [11] </p>
<p>Nicholas Gray in a letter to Mr. Patten in Ireland writes; [Gray along with John Patten, brother-in-law to Thomas Addis Emmet, were state prisoners at Kilmainham in 1804] " I am an Officer of the State and hold my situation under the Supreme Court." [Deputy clerk in Mr. Bloodgood's office ] Gray goes on to describe his income and work day. " I support tolerably my family upon 400 dollars yearly or 90 British that I earn by walking four miles each day to Town, for I live in the summer house of a friend, not as yet being able to afford to rent one mile from the City of Albany; there at nine in the morning, home at one dine, and back at two, stay there till five quill driving, and then home. If I live till spring I shall have my salary doubled. Yours Nicholas Gray. [Thomas Addis Emmet married in 1791, Jane, daughter of the Rev. John Patten of Clonmel, Ireland]. [12] </p>
<p>In a letter dated New York, March 23, 1813 to John Armstrong, the Secretary of War: Nicholas Gray states:</p>
<p><em>"I have the honor this morning to receive the appointment of Inspector General in the service of the United States and shall accept the appointment with many thanks. Permit me to request you to inform further in the duty expected to be performed by the Inspector General, my department or district." Signed Nicholas Gray Inspector General U.S. Army. [13]</em></p>
<p>Gray describes in the letter below to General John Armstrong, his difficulties in preforming the duties of Inspector General. He is asking for a promotion or an increase in wages as Inspector General. Gray is unable to adequately support his family due to the high price of rent and provisions in New York City. At present he is unable to purchase horses so must visit Arsenals, depots, batteries and hospitals on foot.</p>
<p>Letter sent by Nicholas Gray to Honorable General John Armstrong Secretary of War July 7, 1813:</p>
<p><em>Sir: Having always through an active discharge of my duty, endearment to do credit to the appointment with which you honored me. I beg to be permitted to add something concerning myself, while officially reporting on things and persons connected with the Service.</em></p>
<p><em>Owing to the rent and the high price of provisions, the pay of Inspector General is not sufficient for the maintenance of a Man with a family residing in the City of New York.</em></p>
<p><em>He is not allowed quarters in the City, nor money in lieu of them. When his duty requires him to visit distant parts by land, the trifling compensation allowed him is entirely inadequate to the expense of living in Towns. It is only twelve dollars per month his forage allows. If he goes by water he must have a special order from the Commanding General to entitle him to any part of his expenses.</em></p>
<p><em>From my straightened circumstances, I cannot at present purchase horses, and I have been obligated to perform on foot all my duties in the City and its suburbs, such as visiting Arsenals, depots, laboratory, batteries, hospitals.</em></p>
<p><em>To all these matters I have attended personally and without appointment to lighten the fatigue of such duty.</em></p>
<p><em>In consideration of all which I respectfully submit, if it is not proper to make any additional allowance to the Inspector General of this district, That the Secretary of War would be pleased to appoint me to a different service in some other Capacity. The manner in which I have acquitted myself here, may I humbly trust, some recommendation to that further promotion, to which as a Military Man I must naturally aspire.</em></p>
<p><em>I have the honor to be Sir, with the highest respect your obedient Humble Servant Nicholas Gray Inspector General 3rd Military District [14]</em></p>
<p>Letter from Inspector General Office 3 Military District Jan 29, 1814 to the Honorable Secretary of War:</p>
<p><em>Sir,</em></p>
<p><em>The Port of Sandy Hook is now garrisoned by a detachment of the 41 Regiment. My anxiety for this Post as well as the honor of this district induces me to entreat you will please to give this Regiment a competent Commanding officer. For the command of a post this key to all our fortifications. I have spoken to General Porter on this subject, who promised to write to the War Department - I suspect many of the Platoon Officers of this Regiment will request to resign. I have understood so much since the detachment was ordered to the Hook. I beg this letter may be considered as confidential. Signed Nicholas Gray. P.S. I recommend to notice for promotion Lieutenant Henry R.Wendall, a brave and good Officer, he served with me in Niagara, and proved himself to me he has been a Lieutenant more than two years and is now in this city. Nicholas Gray [15]</em></p>
<p>Nicholas Gray was appointed Inspector General to the Military District, No. 3 - New York from the Sea to the Highlands, and East Jersey, on March 18, 1813. Gray writes to Secretary of War James Monroe on December 22, 1814:</p>
<p><em>There were from twelve to fifteen thousand men in the District, all of whom were three times mustered and Inspected. On July 31, 1814, New York. NY Gray relays to Major General Lewis the numbers of men stationed at Sandy Hook [372], New Utrecht [462], and Staten Island [338], totaling 1,172. " The troops stated as for service are in the very best order." [16]</em> <br/> <span> -- Inspector General Gray, in a letter dated May 2, 1813, New Brunswick, to John Hulick outlines his responsibilities as captain in the New Jersey Militia.</span></p>
<p>Nicholas Gray gives a series of excellent observations to Major General Lewis, to the readiness of the 3rd Military District on July 21, 1814. He states: "The Sea Fencibles under Captain Morris are a fine body of seamen. They complain that they are made to drill with the infantry and artillery. They say this is contrary to their engagement." They wish to be stationed at Long Island Sound and also request to be allowed a Surgeon to be attached to the Corps.</p>
<p>The U.S. Corps of Sea Fencibles were established on July 26, 1813, by the United States Congress to defend the ports and harbors of the United States. The Sea Fencibles were a unique branch of the U.S. Army. They consisted of U.S. Army officers who received the uniform, pay, and rations of the Army. While the boatswains, gunners, and privates received the uniform, pay, and rations of the Navy. The Sea Fencibles operated harbor gunboats, heavy cannons and also served as infantry when needed. [17] In his book titled "American Sea Fencibles in the War of 1812," Eric Eugene Johnson describes the Sea Fencibles as one of the least understood military organizations in the history of the United States.</p>
<p>Inspector General Gray describes the lack of money in the Third Military District "Owing to the scarcity of Money in the Pay and Quarter Masters departments the Service have suffered great injury in this district." This is especially true of the 32nd Regiment stationed at Sandy Hook. "One hundred and twenty-five of the discharged men have remained there, some time, waiting for pay." Gray is also concerned about the soldiers knapsack being considerably too large -- being so large the Soldier will put everything he can catch into it. "The blanket straps could be fastened to the knapsack in such a manner, that the straps could in a moment be loosened, so that knapsack in case of retreat could be thrown off, and the blanket kept -- These observations are with great difference submitted." </p>
<p>Semi-Annual Report of Inspector General of Third Military district - New York, July 21st, 1814</p>
<p>To the first Article of my Instructions.</p>
<p>The Infantry in this district continues to improve - Much attention is paid to their discipline.</p>
<p>The four Companies of Artillery are as usual in good order, obedient to orders, and have a good appearance. Their discipline the same as in my last report.</p>
<p>To the 2nd Article of Instruction. The Field and Company Officers with the exception of those hereinafter mentioned are beginning to know their duty, the only want is sufficient subordination and attention to orders. There is no instance of insobriety which have come to my knowledge unpunished.</p>
<p>The Regimental Adj Quarter Masters and Paymasters, continue to do their duty with credit.</p>
<p>The Regimental Books are well kept, but the Non Commissioned officers are not so attentive to the personal appearance of the Men as they should be. </p>
<p>Had the Inspector General a power to break Non Commissioned Officers whose squad appears slowly and in bad order on parade, these would be more attention to the regularity of drills, and the putting on of accouterments. </p>
<p>In fact, the knapsack are considerably too large - being so large, the Soldier will put everything he can catch into it until it is full - and the construction is bad - the whole weight lays in the small of the back, instead of on the shoulders - his blanket should be rolled up round and tight, and strapped on the top, instead of being put inside.</p>
<p>The blanket straps could be fastened to the knapsack in such a manner, that the straps could in a moment be loosened, so that knapsack in case of retreat could be thrown off, and the blanket kept - These observations are with great difference submitted. </p>
<p>To the 3rd Article. There are complaints against Mc Kenny as usual - Want of fresh Meat and good flour for Sandy Hook - The other contractor I have heard no complaint against. </p>
<p>To the 4th Article. The forage is good and sufficient, but great complaint is constantly making of Master Romanine who seems to consider all other Staff departments subordinate to his and endeavor to avoid all kind of responsibility attached to his Office - Much trouble and inconvenience have arisen from his refusing to give necessary receipts to the Officers of the Ordinance department here, for articles received by him, for transportation, alleging, that, as he only provides the carriage, he should not be responsible for the articles and endeavoring to put a responsibility upon other Officers, which does not belong to their department or duty.</p>
<p>In fact, he entered the service, by refusing to incur trifling charges for transportation to the different posts inside and outside the Harbor, where Staff Officers and others are frequently called by their public duties, to visit posts.</p>
<p>He has hired a small vessel by the mouth, and will not make use of any other boat so that every emergency must wait and bend to suit his purposes. He is in truth a pest and burden to the service and his conduct is calculated to bring it into disrupt-----</p>
<p>To the 5th Article. More attention has been paid to the Hospital regulations and supplies since my last report but few patients are now in our Hospitals. There are too few Surgeons for the number of Men, the 32 Reg has but one, and the 42 but one - Three or four more are wanting.</p>
<p>To the 6th Article. On this, I know nothing for the causes stated in my last. </p>
<p>To the 7th. Article. The quantity of Ammunition in store is thought sufficient and well secured, about eight Hundred stored of small arms, over what are necessary for the troops, are on hand, and in good order: two thousand stored more, are expected Daily. </p>
<p>Owing to the scarcity of Money in the Pay and Quarter Masters departments the Service have suffered great injury in this district. The recruitment of the once fine Regiment the 32nd is at Sandy Hook about, three hundred. One hundred and twenty five of the discharged men have remained there, some time, waiting for pay. Those who were sent to this City for discharge, from the Regiment, until within a day or two, used to ramble our streets in bodies, unpaid, and dissatisfied. Many of these Men would have again entered the service, in this district if there had been Money to pay the bounty. The 32nd Regiment has lost two good officers the Colonel and a Major.</p>
<p>The non payment of the retained bounty, is a great cause of complaint with many of the men of the other Regiments of Infantry.</p>
<p>Officers anxious to fill their Companies, pay the Recruit a small sum, and give a due bill for the remainder, which due bill is often lost, to the injury of the Soldier.</p>
<p>Another cause of complaint arises from the Deputy Com General of Purchases issuing due bills, to Officers and Soldiers, for parts of clothing, which due bills also, are often lost. </p>
<p>Some of the Infantry Officers here are in the habit of chastising Soldiers with their own hand, by knocking them down with their fists, for trifling offense or neglects, which practice, when adopted by some, and not by all, causes great jealousy, not only amongst the Officers themselves, but amongst the Soldiers. </p>
<p>The practice should either be sanctioned by the War department, or discontinued by its orders. </p>
<p>The Sea Fencibles under Captain Morris are a fine body of Seamen. They complain that they are made Infantry, and Artillery of, and are obliged to drill with both, which they say is contrary to their engagements.</p>
<p>They wish to have three [cayer] - each to contain thirty five Men. Mounting a 12# canon or a 6 in the bows, and to be stationed in Long Island Sound.</p>
<p>They also request to be allowed a Surgeon to be attached to the Corps, which is mainly One hundred in number. </p>
<p>I beg to apologize for the great delay in sending in this confidential report, and to state that three of the Captains J B Smith, W Smith, and H Davis of the 32nd Regiment stationed at Sandy Hook have not yet sent in their returns, through the Muster and Inspection has been made since 28th of June last, this has been the cause of the delay</p>
<p>Major Banach Master Dyer has forwarded to me a letter he wished to be forwarded to the War department it is here with enclosed.</p>
<p>The rolls which are defined will be forwarded so soon as they arrive.</p>
<p> Confidential Report - Signed by Nicholas Gray Inspect General 3rd Military District New York, July 21st, 1814 [18]</p>
<p>Remarks by Major General Morgan Lewis, Third Military District Head Quarters, July 23, 1814 to the semi annual report of Inspector General Nicholas Gray of the Third Military District.</p>
<p>The commanding General concurs in the first and second specifications of the Report with the opinion of the Inspector General except as to his being invested with the power of reducing non - commissioned officers to the rank, which he believes to be contrary to military usage and the rights of the officers of the Line.</p>
<p>The third has already been noticed by the Commanding General in his communications with the War Office.</p>
<p>The Seventh is understood to be correct, except as to the 32nd Regiment having lost it's Colonel, which is a mistake, and -2000- plans of arms in addition to those now here will be an inadequate supply in the event of serious invasion. </p>
<p>Singed Major General Commander Morgan Lewis, Third Military District</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray in the letter below to General Armstrong Secretary of War requests permission to raise a ten-eighteen company regiment of Irish volunteers as part of the standing military establishment. In the War of 1812, as in other wars, the military relied heavily on immigrant recruits, which in 1812 meant the Irish. "The Irish had the desire to fight the British and due to poverty joined the army, navy or privateer service. The Irish recruits had a powerful incentive to deny Irish birth in recruiting records in case they were captured by the British. To control their own Irish troops, the British took a hard line against any subjects captured while bearing American arms. The British gave captured subjects a choice to enlist in their military or face trial and execution as traitors. Desperate for men, the British preferred enlistment of the Irish to their execution." [19] Alexander Denniston commanded the Twenty-seventh Infantry, primarily composed of Irish recruits from New York. </p>
<p>Letter sent by Nicholas Gray to Washington Feb 4, 1813 to General Armstrong Secretary of War</p>
<p>I wish to have liberty to recruit a Regiment of Irish, to consist of Ten or Eighteen companies enlisted for the War, and to remain if possible on a permanent establishment.</p>
<p>I should also wish to be allowed to recommend such officers to it, as from education, and gentleman, and who from inclination, zeal, and patriotism, will ensure the good opinion of the government of the United States, and who have more or seen service.</p>
<p>It is my wish to interview with the views of any officer, wishing for the command of one of the Regiments to be raised. My object will be to enroll men who will not enter into any other Regiment, and to enlist the feelings and patriotism of Irish gentlemen, who otherwise would not think of joining the Army.</p>
<p>I have honor to subscribe myself for your obedient Nicholas Gray Lt. Col [20]</p>
<p>Letter from Nicholas Gray to the Secretary of War, James Monroe Sept 29th, 1814</p>
<p>John P. Emmet son of Thomas Addis Emmett, who wishes to be appointed a Cadet in the Military school at West Point is recommended by Inspector General Nicholas Gray. "That you would order this appointment to be made out, and which will be thankfully received by Mr. Emmet [Thomas Addis Emmet]. He is sixteen years old and has had a fine education. Signed by Nicholas Gray Inspector General 3rd Military District." [21]</p>
<p>Letter from Thomas Addis Emmet to the Secretary of War, New York, Aug 31, 1814</p>
<p>Sir, "I take the liberty of soliciting from you a Cadets life at West Point for John Patten Emmet, one of my sons. He is just 17 and his education is considerably advanced. He would so much sooner be enabled to engage in active service. The present crisis has excited in him a desire to be useful but my wish is that he should first be qualified for whatever he may be appointed to undertake. Your Obedient Servant Thomas Addis Emmet." [22]</p>
<p>John P. Emmet accepts his appointment to the Military school at West Point on Oct 4th, 1814. </p>
<p>New York Oct 4th, 1814 "Sir, I had this day the honor to receive your letter enclosing my appointment - which I thankfully accept. I shall in assurance proceed immediately to the Military Academy at West Point, and report myself to the Commanding officer there. I have the honor, sir, to be with the highest sentiments of respect and esteem your obedient Servant. J P. Emmet" [23]</p>
</div>
<p> Henry Gray writes from Albany, New York, January 22, 1812 to the Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton:</p>
<p>Sir, I have received the Warrant appointing me Midshipman in the Navy of the United States, together with a copy of the Navy Rules & regulations and copy of the Uniform, and the Oath, which I have taken. I beg leave to inform you, that I feel highly, honored to the confidence in me and accept the appointment with many thanks, the sincerity of which I hope to be able to show when an opportunity shall offer, in the service of the United States. Have the goodness to say when you wish I should join, and what ship? With reference, My choice would be the Ship President. I have the honor to subscribe myself, with great respect, Sir, your obedient Servant, Henry Gray. [24]</p>
<p>Henry Gray, the son of the Inspector General Nicholas Gray and John P. Emmet, the son Thomas Addis Emmet, were both born in Ireland. The families of Emmet and Gray immigrated to the U.S. due to their participation in the 1798 - 1803, Rebellions in Ireland. Gray while serving as Inspector general, suffered from every article of consumption due to his harsh treatment at Kilmainham and Wexford Goal prisons in Ireland. Kilmainham Prison, 12th of Aug, 1804, "Mr. Gray can give an affecting detail of Mr.Trevor's barbarous treatment of him, both in Kilmainham, and in Buckridge-court, Ship-street."[25] In a letter from Governor Tompkins to Paul Hamilton, Secretary of the Navy dated, Albany, January 16, 1812 " The protracted sickness of General Gray who officiates as my private secretary, has elicited fears of an approaching consumption, and his great anxiety for the welfare of his children, whom he will leave in slender circumstances, has created much sensibility among his numerous friends." [26]</p>
<p>In a letter dated New York, Dec 22, 1814 from Governor Daniel D. Tompkins of New York, to Col. Nicholas Gray Inspector General. " In answer to your note of this morning, I take great pleasure in acknowledging that the duties of your office of Inspector of the Third district been orderly during the time I had the honor to command, and they have been discharged to my entire satisfaction, respectfully Daniel D. Tompkins. [27] Governor Tompkins states that Gray in the summer months of 1812, surveyed the Niagara frontier. He was the engineer who supervised the construction of three forts one at Lewiston named Fort Gray, that at Black Rock occupied by Swifts Regiment, and by the appointment of General Smyth he commanded the artillery at Fort Niagara. <span>After inspection of the troops by Inspector General Nicholas Gray, on December 3, 1814, he was honorably discharged from the military service of the United States Army, with the thanks of Governor Tompkins. </span></p>
<p>Daniel D. Tompkins was the fourth governor of New York from 1807 to 1817. He was also the sixth Vice President of the United States from 1817 to 1825. Tompkins was born in Scarsdale, New York, and practiced law in New York City after graduating from Columbia College. During the War of 1812, he often spent his own money to equip and pay the militia when the legislature wasn't in session, or would not approve the necessary funds. Tompkins proved to be one of the most effective war governors. He played an important role in reorganizing the state militia and promoted conscription. He declined an appointment as Secretary of State by President James Madison in 1814, instead accepting appointment as Commander in Chief of the Third Federal Military District that included New York City. [28] </p>
<p>This is taken from a three page letter written: “ To the Congress of the United States” dated Dec 22, 1814</p>
<p>That your Memorialist for the first fifteen months after his appointment performed all the arduous duties of his department without aid. And during that period your Memorialist confidently trusts that he has discharged them to the satisfaction of his different Commanding Officers, as well as of the War Department. That the District of which your Memorialist is Inspector General is of great extent and from its situation on the Sea Coast and the number of places to be garrisoned it requires and actually has had stationed in it more troops of every description than any other whatsoever. That the number of troops necessary for sufficiently protecting and garrisoning it, has rendered, and it is presumed must in the future render the duties of your Memorialist Office more laborious than those of any other in the service of the United States. That in consequence of the large body of the Militia lately in service in his district, Your Memorialist was obliged to extend his office hours, and kept it regularly open from Eight in the morning until Nine at night in order to instruct the inexperienced Officers of there troops in their duty and enable them to comply with the regulations of the War Department with respect to their Rolls and Returns. Your Memorialist begs he may not be misunderstood, or supposed to complain by anything he has stated, of the labors or duties of his office. On the contrary he indulges in a sentiment of pleasure and gratified pride, the he reflects that it has been in his power by concerning industry and unremitted exertion to accomplish much in the situation where he is placed. That with a very sincere desire by the performance of them all, he shows himself worthy of the confidence with which he has been honored. </p>
<p>Signed Nicholas Gray Inspector General 3rd Military District [29]</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray on March 1st, 1815 “To The President of the United States” James Madison “That your Memorialist has been employed since the commencement of the War in the service of the United States. That he served in the Niagara frontier in the year 1812 as a volunteer part of the time in the capacity of Engineer, and towards the latter part of the year by the appointment of General Smyth commanded the Artillery in Fort Niagara until discharged. That since he has the honor to be appointed to the general staff, he has resided in the City of New York, where he trusts he has performed his duty with advantage to the service and credit to himself. Your Memorialist therefore prays that the President of the United States will be pleased to honor him with some situation either Civil or Military which may enable him to discharge his engagements, and support himself and family.” Signed Nicholas Gray Inspector General Third Military District. At the end of this letter Thomas Addis Emmet, adds to Nicholas Grays memorial to President Madison on March 1st, 1815. Emmet writes " he has had a long and intimate acquaintance with Col. Gray. My conviction, that he will discharge the duties of any office he may be appointed. He will undertake with zeal, fidelity and intelligence."[30]</p>
<p>New York City's importance to the nation's economic growth increased dramatically after the revolution. The citizens who remembered the British occupation during the Revolutionary War were concerned it could happen again. Although New York had become the most important harbor to defend, it was virtually defenseless. The defense of New York's harbor was left to State government and its governor a Staten Islander, Daniel Tompkins. New York's mayor DeWitt Clinton issued an appeal to New Yorkers to come to the defense of their city. There was a report to the governor that a British fleet could pass by Sandy Hook. There was forts, batteries and blockhouses constructed on nearly every island and reef in New York's harbor and others along the coast. By 1814, New York was defended by 900 pieces of artillery and 25,500 men. The citizens did not panic when five British war vessels were spotted off the coast of Sandy Hook on August 18th, 1814. The British never came any closer. There was military action in upstate New York around the cities of Plattsburgh and Sackets Harbour. A number of historians believe that the fortifications constructed to protect New York's harbor was a major reason why the British never attacked. [31]</p>
<p>Daniel Parker Adjutant General recommends Colonel Nicholas Gray, for appointment in the Mississippi Territory. This letter was written to Josiah Meigs, commissioner of the United States General Land Office in Washington, D.C. Meigs forwarded the letter to President James Madison on March 17, 1815. Parker writes " Without suggesting anything to the prejudice of the other candidates I think I perform a duty to a brave and meritorious officer of the army of the United States when I recommend Nicholas Gray Esqr. late Inspector General of the third military district which is respectfully submitted." [32] On “March 30, 1815, Nicholas Gray was appointed register of the land office in the Mississippi Territory” [33] Nicholas Gray was assigned to the district west of Pearl River, with its land office at Washington near Natchez, Ms.[34]</p>
<p>1.<span> [U.S. National Park Service]</span></p>
<p>2, [U.S. National Park Service]</p>
<p>3. [U.S. National Park Service]</p>
<p>4. ["Amongst My Best Men: African Americans and the War of 1812" by Gerald T Altoff]</p>
<p>5. " The Civil War of 1812" by Alan Taylor</p>
<p>6.[U.S. National Archives Washington D.C] </p>
<p>7. [Image provided by: Library; Richmond, Va. Discovered by David Coffey of Dublin, Ireland ]</p>
<p>8. [Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821]</p>
<p>9. [ Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821]</p>
<p>10. [Trinity College Library Dublin, Ireland researched by Paula Hayes]</p>
<p>11. [Wikipedia]</p>
<p>12. [Trinity College Library Dublin, Ireland researched by Paula Hayes]</p>
<p>13.[ Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821]</p>
<p>14. [U.S. National Archives Washington, D.C.]</p>
<p>15. [ Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821]</p>
<p>16. [The War of 1812 U.S. War Department Correspondence, 1812-1815 by John C. Fredriksen]</p>
<p>17. [Wikipedia] </p>
<p>18. [U.S. National Archives Washington, D.C.]</p>
<p>19. [ " The Civil War of 1812" by Alan Taylor]</p>
<p>20. [U.S. National Archives Washington, D.C].</p>
<p>21. [ Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821]</p>
<p>22. [ Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821]</p>
<p>23. [<span>Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821]</span> </p>
<p>24. [<span>Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821]</span></p>
<p><span>25. [Memoir of the Case of St. John Mason, Esq, Barrister-at-Law]</span></p>
<p>26. [The Public Papers of Daniel D Tompkins, Governor of New York, 1807-1817, Volume 2]</p>
<p>27.[ Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General. 1805 - 1821]</p>Fort Niagara returns fire on Fort George at daybreak Nov 21st, 1812tag:thewildgeese.irish,2018-12-14:6442157:BlogPost:2368972018-12-14T15:00:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><strong>Fort Niagara - Betsy Doyle carries red hot cannon balls</strong></span></p>
<p>Betsy Doyle married Andrew Doyle, a private in the First United States Artillery Regiment. "Private Doyle was with the U.S. forces when they invaded Upper Canada. He was captured in the Battle of Queenston and…</p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><strong>Fort Niagara - Betsy Doyle carries red hot cannon balls</strong></span></p>
<p>Betsy Doyle married Andrew Doyle, a private in the First United States Artillery Regiment. "Private Doyle was with the U.S. forces when they invaded Upper Canada. He was captured in the Battle of Queenston and became a prisoner of war. He was recognized by his captors as a native of Upper Canada. He was sent to Dartmoor Prison for treason for the rest of the war, Betsy was left alone with her four children at Fort Niagara . On November 21, 1812 the British opened fire on Fort Niagara. During the exchange, Betsy carried red-hot cannonballs from a furnace to the 6-pound cannon. Loading hot shot to be fired at Fort George, 1,300 yards away was difficult and dangerous. The hot iron could cause gunpowder to explode prematurely in the cannon, wounding or killing anyone nearby. Although one man was killed and five others wounded while loading hot shot, Betsy survived and her bravery was mentioned in official reports." (1]</p>
<p>Lt. Col. George McFeely writes in his diary "of an instance of extraordinary bravery in a female, the wife of Andrew Doyle, a private of the United States artillery, made a prisoner at Queenstown I cannot pass over During the most tremendous cannonading I have ever seen she attended the six on the old mess house with red hot shot and showed equal to the maid of Orleans. " [2]</p>
<p>Betsy, whose name is also given as “Fanny,” was one of many married women who accompanied their husbands into the field with both the British and American armies. Andrew Doyle was not present to witness his wife’s heroism.<font color="#333333" face="Arial, sans-serif"> He had been taken prisoner on October 13, during the Battle of Queenston Heights.</font></p>
<p>"Women played important roles during the War of 1812, some women were on the battlefields but many women stayed at home. During the War of 1812 women were left with the responsibility of taking care of farms, homes, and businesses. Some also tended the wounded, defended their property against looters, sometimes they went with their soldier husbands on campaign, and also conveyed important messages across enemy lines. Women at the camps were laundresses, seamstresses and companions to the soldiers. Women who were at the forts and garrisons, were servants, cooks, nursemaids, and laundresses. " [3]</p>
<p>On March 14, 1812, George McFeely of Scotch-Irish decent was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 16th Infantry by President James Madison. He was now in the United States Army at the rank he had held in the Militia. McFeely would prove himself as an able officier during the War of 1812. In July George McFeely was transferred from the 16th to the 22nd Infantry Regiment. On September 19, 1812 McFeely was instructed to go to Niagara with all the men of the 22nd Regiment of Pennsylvania.</p>
<p>The diary written by Lieutenant Colonel George McFeely shows in detail and accurately describes the hardships, sacrifice and disaster associated with the War of 1812. McFeely writes about the hard fought actions as the bombardment of Fort Niagara took place.[4]</p>
<p>On October 17th. Had great difficulty in getting our wagons up the Alleghany mountains, the roads this day were very bad, rained in the afternoon.</p>
<p>On October 19th. Marched at seven o'clock this morning crossed the Tioge river this day four times. The day was very cold our men had to ford the river waist deep, and in their summer clothing, Government not having provided us with winter clothes.</p>
<p>On Nov 1st, 1812. Rained all last night, snowed this morning, very cold. Roads very bad for five miles at a strecth over this swamp country we travel on poles and logs, the timber principally Beech, 12 miles and encamped.</p>
<p>On Nov 10th, 1812. Marched four miles and encamped on the banks of the Niagara river. I seen for the first time the enemy's batteries on the opposite shore. Here was a Navy yard, several schooners were building for the purpose of cruising on Lake Erie.</p>
<p>On Nov 12th. Took up the line of march this morning at daybreak without anything to eat, the weather cold and windy with some snow showers. Arrived at Old Fort Schlosser. Our men however soon had plenty of fresh beef which some of them ate raw while others waited until they half roasted as much as they could devour.</p>
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<p>On November 14th. Arrived at Fort Niagara about 3 o'clock and relieved Colonel Winder. At this time there was an armistice between General Van Renssaler and the British General, either side was bound to give 30 hours notice before hostilities were to commence.</p>
<p>On the 20th of November we discovered a great stir and bustle in the town of Newark and about Fort George in manning their guns.</p>
<p>"The citizens appeared to be moving out of town, men, women and children running in all directions, carrying off beds and furniture. At about sun down a dragoon arrived from headquarters with a letter from General Smith informing me to be in readiness, that the armistice would cease at one o'clock that night. The enemy had information of this about five hours before us, such was the advantage they had over us owing to their telegraphs."[5] <span> The British established a system of beacons by which messages could be sent during the daytime by means of colored balls or flags or at night-time by burning wood in a basket hung on a pole. This telegraph system was reported by Nicholas Gray, in his survey of the Niagara </span><font color="#454545" face="Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frontier during the summer of 1812.</font></p>
<p>As soon as we got the news all hands went to work, some cutting and collecting dry wood and others making large fires and heating shot. All manned and lighted my officers were all demanding orders to commence but I showed them orders which they were to act on the defensive, for 12 hours of cannonading would exhaust all the ammunition in the fort. At about six o'clock the enemy opened all his batteries and guns from Fort George. In a few seconds we returned the firearm three 18 pounders, 2 twelves and 2 sixes. The eighteens and twelves fired red hot shot. At about 9 o'clock we had the pleasure of seeing a schooner sink and several houses in flames in the town of Newark, as also at their Navy yard and in Fort George. The firing continued with little or no intermission until dark, our loss was three killed and six wounded, two or three of the wounded died afterwards."[6]</p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><strong>View of Fort Niagara from the Canadian side of the Niagara River - Balcer-commonswiki</strong></span></p>
<p>Lt. Col. George McFeely commanding Fort Niagara to General Alex Smyth: Fort Niagara November 25th, 1812 SIR I beg leave to inform you that on the morning of the 21st instant at 5 o clock a heavy cannonading opened upon this garrison from all the batteries at and in the neighborhood of Fort George which lasted without intermission until after sun down.</p>
<p>"The garrison was not as well provided with artillery and ammunition as I could have wished however the batteries opened a tremendous fire upon them in return with hot shot admirably well directed. Several times during the cannonading the town of Newark was in flames but was extinguished by their engines as also the centre building in Fort George. Their mess house and all the buildings near it were consumed. Captain M Keon commanded a 12 pounder in the south east block house and distinguished himself."[7]</p>
<p>" Captain Jacks of the 7th regiment militia artillery commanded a six pounder on the north block house and together with a part of his own company though placed in a situation most exposed to the fire of the enemy maintained their position like veterans Lieutenant Rees of the 3d regiment of artillery had the command of an eighteen pounder on south east battery which was pointed at a battery en barbette mounting a twenty four pounder and also at Fort George several well directed shot were directed from this gun which proved skill of its commander. " [8]</p>
<p>McFeely states "Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Gray, commanded the artillery the unremitted attention paid to his duty proves him an officer whose zeal and science do honor to himself and country to this gentleman I feel much indebted for the manner he acquitted himself." [9]</p>
<p>Irishman Nicholas Gray made a survey of the Niagara Frontier during the summer of 1812. After studying the terrain and British preparations, Gray recommended the construction of an additional bastion (<span>a projecting part of a fortification built at an angle to the line of a wall, so as to allow defensive fire in several directions)</span> in Fort Niagara and batteries on the crest of Lewiston Heights and at Black Rock. The work was done without sufficient tools and heavy ordnance for the Forts.</p>
<p>Governor Tompkins of New York sent Nicholas Gray, to the Niagara Frontier because of his military and artillery experience in Ireland. Governor Daniel Tompkins states “He has made Military matters his study and was Lieut. General of the Irish Patriots. He is a gentleman of a patriotic turn, is ambitious of being useful to his adopted Country and is a man of modesty, information and amiable deportment. You will find him a good Engineer and Artillerist. He likewise sketches well and is well qualified to Organize the staff.”[10]</p>
<p>This is taken from a personal letter written by Nicholas Gray to Mrs.Codd of Buffalo, New York dated Aug 20, 1812. Mrs. Codd was a relative from Wexford, Ireland. " My Dear Madam, When I left your hospitable - I made you a promise to write to you from headquarters but in truth I have been so fully occupied here ever since my arrival in so various employments. I could not collect sufficient sentiment from War and destruction to compose a letter to a Lady of feeling. I sleep every night almost at the muzzle of the British Cannons. I have built three batteries which have placed the quarters of our troops in Security - one at Lewiston, one at Black Rock here, and one opposite Fort Erie. The country around here is really beautiful and picturesque. I write you on the Bank of the Niagara River, two miles or so from Lake Erie. I live at the Quarter Master Generals, Porter. To Mr. Traynor give my best respects. I got a dreadful shaking coming down here, and had some of my old wounds opened. But now never had better health in my life. My dearest Ellen and children are all well. Mr. Emmet has been ill but is now quite well thank providence God preserves him to his amiable family. General Van Rensselaer his aid Solomon V R and secretary breakfast to here on Thursday last on their way to Lewiston Headquarters. When you write to me [you see I expect a letter from you] direct to Genl. Gray Headquarters, Lewiston. My dear Women the - Spirit take you into his protecting care and your little ones. Sincerely your friend Nicholas Gray. [11]</p>
<p>The memorial below states that United Irishman Nicholas Gray commanded the Artillery at Fort Niagara. To James Madison The President of the United States March 1st, 1815, City of Washington. The Memorial of Colonel Nicholas Gray Inspector General of the 3rd. Military District. That your Memorialist has been employed since the Commencement of the War in the service of the United States.</p>
<p>That he served on the Niagara frontier in the year 1812 as a Volunteer, part of the time in the Capacity of Engineer, and towards the latter part of the year by the Appointment of Genl. Smyth Commanded the Artillery in Fort Niagara until discharged.[12] .</p>
<p>"Men in the warmest part of cannonading having fired away all their cartridges cut up flannel waistcoats and shirts and the soldiers their trow to supply their guns I cannot say too much of all the officers and soldiers of the immediately under my observation in this garrison they merit the thanks and esteem of their country for the defense of and I believe it never sustained so sharp and continued a bombardment The enemy threw more than two thousand red hot M balls into it and a number of shells amounting to more than 180 only one of which did injury to our men. "[13] .</p>
<p>"To the officers of my regiment particularly captain Milligan and the soldiers who assisted the artillery and those employed in extinguishing the fires and carrying off the killed and wounded I am also much indebted they merit my warmest thanks. To Doctor West of the garrison doctor Hugan of the 14th regiment United States infantry and doctor Craig of the 22d regiment United States infantry I offer my thanks they were employed during the entire day in the most critical duties of their profession. Our killed and wounded amounted to eleven From the numbers we saw carried off from the enemy's batteries I presume many more were killed and wounded on their side. Only two of the above men were killed by the enemy's shot the rest by the bursting of a 12 pounder in the south east block house and by the spurges of the guns on the north block house and at the salt battery." Lt Col. George McFeely commanding Fort Niagara General Alex Smyth 95 [14]</p>
<p>Lt. Col. McFeely is offered supper at sundown by Dr. West "This evening we doubled our guards, Lt. Col. Young of New York Militia and myself attended to the placing of different sentinels. It was after dark in passing we were asked by Doctor West if we had gotten anything to eat that day, we replied that we had not. Dr. West then said that he had got some tea made and invited us in to take supper with him. This we agreed to do and went into his room where he had been amputating the wounded through the course of the day. On going round to take my seat at the table I saw a pile of legs and arms lying in the corner on the floor. This sight with the smell took away my appetite, I gave the Colonel a look and he smiled. We both asked the Doctor to excuse us that we could could not eat any supper. The Doctor saw the cause and began to laugh, we bade him good evening and withdrew. "[15]</p>
<p>In December 1813, Betsy Doyle fled when the British invaded and captured Fort Niagara. In a four month journey Betsy and her children walked over 300 miles to the East Greenbush Cantonment near Albany, New York. [16] .</p>
<p>1) WikiTree "Women in the War of 1812" <br/> 2)" Official letters of the Military" by John Brannan<br/> 3) WikiTree "Women in the War of 1812" <br/> 4) " Chronicle of Valor" by John C. Fredriksen <br/> 5)" Chronicle of Valor" by John C. Fredriksen <br/> 6) "Chronicle of Valor" by John C. Fredriksen <br/> 7) "Official letters of the Military" by John Brannan <br/> 8) "Official letters of the Military" by John Brannan <br/> 9) "Official letters of the Military" by John Brannan <br/> 10) Public papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of New York, 1807 - 1817 Volume 3-Page 19 <br/> 11) <span>[Letter by Nicholas Gray to Mrs. Codd, Buffalo, Aug 20, 1812. B.A.G. Fuller Autograph File. fms Am 1603 [142], Houghton Library, Harvard University <br/> 12) Founders Early Access DNA RG 94-Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General <br/> 13) "Official letters of the Military" by John Brannan <br/> 14) "Official letters of the Military" by John Brannan <br/> 15) "Chronicle of Valor" by John C. Fredriksen <br/> 16) WikiTree "Women in the War of 1812"</span></p>Nicholas Gray: Seeking 'Liberty To Recruit a Regiment of Irish'tag:thewildgeese.irish,2018-09-28:6442157:BlogPost:2354682018-09-28T12:00:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
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<p><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">I</span>n 1798, the new Oaths issued by the Wexford Council had good effect.</strong> As Crown forces gathered on Wexford’s borders for the showdown, Nicholas Gray, Secretary of the Council, wrote on 16 June to Fr. Philip Roche, the new commander‑in‑chief. Gray was desperate for reinforcements for his Southern Army, which had…</p>
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<p><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">I</span>n 1798, the new Oaths issued by the Wexford Council had good effect.</strong> As Crown forces gathered on Wexford’s borders for the showdown, Nicholas Gray, Secretary of the Council, wrote on 16 June to Fr. Philip Roche, the new commander‑in‑chief. Gray was desperate for reinforcements for his Southern Army, which had almost melted away since the Battle of Ross:</p>
<p><em>Dear Citizen, We have, however, now issued orders, desiring all unmarried men to repair to camp immediately: we did so before, but they were not fully obeyed: at the present time particular obedience will be enforced, and we trust you will shortly find at your camp a number of fresh young fellows, as well appointed and provided as our best efforts can accomplish.</em></p>
<p>Gray’s words were no empty claim. Obedience was enforced with such effect that four days later this army was back in shape sufficiently to fight the Battle of Horetown, which lasted 4 1/4 hours when the shortage of gunpowder again forced the Wexford men to withdraw. The Southern Army was back in business, as Gray had predicted. The Republic’s writ still ran." [1]</p>
<p>Irish immigrants arrived in America during a time of political unrest. The Federalists cast themselves as "the Fathers of the People" as the Republicans posed as "the Friends of the People." Irish immigrants reinforced American republicanism to deprive the British empire of valuable labor and a potential soldier or sailor.[2] "Republicanism represented more than a particular form of government. It was a way of life, a core ideology, an uncompromising commitment to liberty, and a total rejection of aristocracy."[3] In 1803, the British Parliament limited the number of persons that any vessel could carry from Great Britain, reducing the Irish migration to America." [4] </p>
<p>In the War of 1812, as in other wars, the military relied heavily on immigrant recruits, which in 1812 meant the Irish. "The Irish had the desire to fight the British and due to poverty joined the army, navy or privateer service. The Irish recruits had a powerful incentive to deny Irish birth in recruiting records in case they were captured by the British. To control their own Irish troops, the British took a hard line against any subjects captured while bearing American arms. The British gave captured subjects a choice to enlist in their military or face trial and execution as traitors. Desperate for men, the British preferred enlistment of the Irish to their execution." [5]</p>
<p>Irish Rebels of the 1798 and 1803 rebellions in Ireland faced one another in Canada during the War of 1812. "In Upper Canada, the British feared of the loyalty of their own troops because most were Irish. After the rebellion of 1798, Ireland had become a prime recruiting ground for the British army. Due to poverty, recruits sought food, clothing, pay and a way out of Ireland. Irish were in the Forty-first, the Forty-ninth and the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles. The Forty-first foot included dozens of captured rebels of 1798, who had agreed to enlist to avoid the gallows." [6 ] </p>
<p>In this letter, Gray requests permission to recruit Irishmen, to fight the British for a third time -- in 1798 and 1803 in Ireland, and ultimately in America.</p>
<p>The following letter was sent by Nicholas Gray on Feb. 4, 1813, to General Armstrong, Secretary of War, Washington, D.C.:</p>
<p><em>I wish to have liberty to recruit a Regiment of Irish, to consist of Ten or Eighteen companies enlisted for the War, and to remain if possible on a permanent establishment.</em></p>
<p><em>I should also wish to be allowed to recommend such officers to it, as from education, and gentleman, and who from inclination, zeal, and patriotism, will ensure the good opinion of the government of the United States, and who have more or seen service.</em></p>
<p><em>It is my wish to interview with the views of any officer, wishing for the command of one of the Regiments to be raised. My object will be to enroll men who will not enter into any other Regiment, and to enlist the feelings and patriotism of Irish gentlemen, who otherwise would not think of joining the Army.</em></p>
<p>Veterans of the Irish rebellions of 1798 and 1803 made significant contributions to the War of 1812. </p>
<p>Irish-American officer Nicholas Gray was the army's inspector general 3rd Military District New York. Alexander Denniston commanded the Twenty-seventh Infantry, primarily composed of Irish recruits from New York City. Nicholas Gray described Denniston as "a Gentleman who has fought and beaten the Enemies of America in his native Country and now doubly are [his] enemies."[8] Denniston had commanded a large body of pikemen during the 1798 Rebellion. Denniston recommended Nicholas Gray for appointment as colonel of the 27th Infantry Regiment in a letter to James Madison, dated February 12, 1815.</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray was also the private secretary to Governor Tompkins of New York, and the governor relied upon his advice. Tompkins wrote, Gray "has made Military matters his study and was Lieut General of the Irish patriots."[9] In a letter dated Dec 30, 1811, postmarked Albany, New York, Daniel D Tompkins, governor of New York, informs Thomas Addis Emmet that "I have just visited with Nicholas Gray and find him recruiting very fast." [10] </p>
<p>In 1798 Nicholas Gray, an attorney from Wexford, Ireland, was active and zealous in swearing in United Irishman. The following information is taken from the book titled "The Emmet Rising in Kildare" by Irish writer Seamus Cullen. In his book a chapter is dedicated to Nicholas Gray. In the Emmet-led conspiracy in 1803, Gray and his brother-in-law, Henry Hughes, became members of the central leadership. Robert Emmet appointed Gray the general in charge of the Kildare rebels with full authority over the county. Cullen writes "It appears the name of the newly appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in Ireland, General Fox, was the code name the rebels used for Nicholas Gray."[11]</p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/1227622656?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="750" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/1227622656?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="750" class="align-center"/></a></p>
<p>The Battle of the Thames, also called Battle of Moraviantown took place on October 5th, 1813 in the War of 1812. It was a decisive U.S. victory over British and Indian forces in Ontario, Canada, enabling the United States to consolidate its control over the Northwest. The U.S. victory helped catapult William Henry Harrison into the national limelight and eventually the presidency.[12] Harrison [1773-1841] became America's ninth president, and served just one month in office before dying of pneumonia. Tecumseh, the Shawnee Chief. was killed in the Battle of Thames. After this battle, most of the tribes abandoned their association with the British. [13] </p>
<p>William Harrison's force numbered at least 3,500 infantry and cavalry. He had a small detachment of regulars from the 27th U.S. Infantry and five brigades of Kentucky militia led by Isaac Shelby. [14 On the American side was Brig. Gen. Lewis Cass, first colonel of the 27th Infantry, who, when he learned of Hull's surrender of Detroit, angrily broke his sword. Cass became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20, 1813. [15] Soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12, 1813. The 27th's commander was Ohio-born Colonel George Paull. The fight on the American right flank was all over in less than 10 minutes. Paull's regulars had seized a 6-pounder, which had never been shot.</p>
<p>Irish-Americans were consistently on the front lines during the War of 1812 and were heavily invested for many reasons. Irish ancestors were an integral part of successfully defending America in what could have been a nation-ending conflict. </p>
<p>1. "Wexford in 1798: A Republic Before its Time" by Brian O'Cleirigh</p>
<p>2. "The Civil War of 1812" by Alan Taylor</p>
<p>3. Wikipedia <em>Republicanism in the United States </em> </p>
<p>4. "The Civil War of 1812" by Alan Taylor</p>
<p>5. "The Civil War of 1812" by Alan Taylor</p>
<p>6. "The Civil War of 1812" by Alan Taylor</p>
<p>7. National Archives Washington D.C.</p>
<p>8. "The Civil War of 1812" by Alan Taylor </p>
<p>9. "A Very Brilliant Affair" by Robert Malcomson</p>
<p>10. Public Papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of New York, 1807-1817, Volume 2 </p>
<p>11. "The Emmet Rising in Kildare" by Seamus Cullen</p>
<p>12. Encyclopedia Britannica</p>
<p>13. Encyclopedia Britannica</p>
<p>14 Wikipedia </p>
<p>15. <i>Military History</i>></p>
<p>16 <i>Military History</i></p>Wexford's Thomas Gray: Rebellion of 1641's Siege of Fort Duncannontag:thewildgeese.irish,2017-06-02:6442157:BlogPost:2174942017-06-02T12:30:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84721157?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-center" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84721157?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="750"></img></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><span class="font-size-5">I</span>rish loyalties in the Rebellion of 1641 were intertwined between religion</strong> and the destabilization of English politics. "The Catholic landowners desire to recover their lost land was one main reason for the rebellion. The rebellion started eleven years of war between 1641-52 in Ireland and was…</p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84721157?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="750" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84721157?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="750" class="align-center"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><span class="font-size-5">I</span>rish loyalties in the Rebellion of 1641 were intertwined between religion</strong> and the destabilization of English politics. "The Catholic landowners desire to recover their lost land was one main reason for the rebellion. The rebellion started eleven years of war between 1641-52 in Ireland and was one of Ireland's most destructive in loss of life and material destruction. The rebellion also irrevocably changed the course of Irish history." [1] </p>
<p><em>Above, Fort Duncannon Wexford, Ireland. Photo: Hook Tourism, New Ross, Ireland</em></p>
<p>The Irish Rebels began to attack the castles and forts in county Wexford in the fall of 1641. Some of the castles and forts in the county held out against the Irish. "Duncannon Fort located on the Hook Peninsula in County Wexford, was the strongest and most significant of the outposts." The construction work on Duncannon fort began in 1587 and work continued in the following decades. Duncannon was not prepared for war in 1641 with a shortage of soldiers, provisions and munitions. In the first week of January 1642 the fort only had enough supplies for three weeks. The Irish also lacked supplies, artillery and munitions at the start of the Rebellion. "Attempts to supply the fort Duncannon with gunpowder overland failed when the men entrusted to transport the supplies appropriated them for the rebel cause. Lord Esmond adopted a restrained attitude towards the rebels until he received reinforcements at the fort. Richard Greene in a deposition complained Lord Esmond released Irish prisoners, admitted rebel commanders and priests into Duncannon and did not prevent raids against Protestants in the area." [2]</p>
<p>A variety of complex factors persuaded the inhabitants of Wexford to enlist to attack Duncannon. " Friendship, blood and tenancy were major reasons for men to enlist. The gentry in the baronies around Fort Duncannon recognized the dangers the fort posed to them if left under the control of Lord Esmond. If reinforced from the sea the garrison could inflict considerable damage on their estates. The arrival of fresh English troops under Captain Aston And Captain Weldon led to a number of sorties into the surrounding area in March 1642." [3] </p>
<div dir="ltr" id="yiv9740870170yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1495765129508_24599"> <a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84721427?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="750" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84721427?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="750" class="align-center"/></a></div>
<p>Many Protestants from Wexford and other counties fled to Duncannon to seek safe passage to England. Soldiers and supplies arrvived from England in late 1641 and early 1642 to Duncannon. "Sir Laurence Esmond was the governor, he was a big asset with over fifty years military experience in Ireland and Europe. Both the Irish and English recognized Esmond's importance in the defense of the fort. The Irish referred to him as "an old crafty fox." [4] </p>
<p>At Christmas in 1641 about 1000 Irish insurgents were surrounding the fortress of Duncannon . The two most prominent rebel's at Wexford were Thomas Rossiter and William Browne. They both came from Forth and recruited their companies especially from Forth and Bargy. They had made Shelboggan, a few miles from Duncannon, their headquarters. Most of the Irish were scattered in small groups in rudimentary notifications or camps. William Esmond a leader in the Rebellion provided Thomas Gray with a fowling piece and purchased twenty muskets, three cases of pistols and a firkin of powder for the use of the parish of Rathaspick." [ 5] </p>
<p>I believe this Thomas Gray is my ancestor who was the originator of the Gray family of Wexford. Thomas Gray was a servant from Rathaspeck and was about nineteen years old in 1641 at the start of the Rebellion. When Thomas Gray was thirty years old he gave a deposition regarding William Esmond dated 1-6-1653. Gray describes how near Christmas in 1641 he received a fowling piece from William Esmond his master and attended a rebel rendezvous at Shelboggan along with other servants. Thomas Gray's position as a tenant and servant may not as been as humble as it sounds. Gray's fellow servant was Richard Edmond, most likely a relative of William Esmond. </p>
<p>Examination of Thomas Gray re William Esmond; The following deposition was signed by Thomas Gray in 1653 and is located at Trinity College Library, Dublin, Ireland. Thomas Gray about nineteen years old at the start of the 1641 Rebellion from Wexford is classified as a Rebel and taking part in military action.</p>
<p>Thomas Gray aged 30 examined concerning William Esmond saith that he Thos Gray lived at the beginning of the war at Rahaspeck neere to the said Mr Esmond's house and that about Christmas after the rebellion he this Examinant was required to meet at a rendezvous at Shielbaggan within 2 myles of Duncannon forte and had from the said William a fowling peece to carry to that rendezvous and saith that Richard Esmond, John Jepson and Garrett Slatter all servants to the said William Esmond went with this Examinant being armed to Shielbaggan aforesaid with others of the said Esmond's tenants and that he did see the said William Esmond at Johnstowne not far from Duncannon fort where some of the Irish forces lay about Christmas. And this Examinant further saith that John Jepson servant to WE had a brown guelding of the said William Esmond to goe forth as a trooper in the behalfe of the parish Rahaspeck to joyne with the Irish against the English and that the said WE paid for the said horse by the said Parish" [6] Dated and signed by Thomas Gray on 1-6-1653.</p>
<p>The depositions listed below are by John Murroe and James Grant. Thomas Gray is described as carrying a musket during the march on fort Duncannon. Thomas Gray was in Captain Thomas Rossiter's company of Irish soldiers. "The very first time that the Irish marched within sight of the fort was on St. Stevens day and they were within a shot of a cannon.&nbspThe depositions taken in the 1650's were focused on what happened to cause the Rebellion, the identities of those involved and their fate or current location." [7] </p>
<p>Deposition Transcription: John o Murroe being sworn saith Concerning the said William Esmond</p>
<p>Upon the wholl matter That hee did see the said William Esmond with the Irish forces that laye before Duncannon within the first of year of the wars on horseback with his sword, some of his servants attending him that service with their <em>Armes</em> the names of which seruants hee nowe remembers not, more than one Thomas Gray who carryed a Muskett. He also saith That Peter Esmond sonne to the said william Esmond did march in a Ranke with the Irish forces against the said fort of duncannon & within shott thereof of a Cannon, the very first tyme that the Irish marched within sight of the said ffort which was on St Stevens day." Sworne before vs 6o January 1653 [8] </p>
<p>Deposition Transcription: James Grant of Maglas being sworn & examined concerning the aforesaid William Esmond </p>
<p>That he this examinant was a soldier under Capt Thomas Rossiter against the fort of duncannon from Twelfe daie 61 where hee Contynued till a weeke befor Easter following, In which tyme hee sawe the said William Esmond, with horse & Armes & his two seruants Thomas Gray & Rich: Esmond in Armes also & marching in the said Rossiters Company, & saith that about the begining of March 61 the English of the ffort sallyed forth & the Irish forces & they skirmished one with the other & the said William Esmond on his horse did then engage with the Irish against the English." Sworne before vs 6o Jan 1653 " [9] </p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84721554?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84721554?profile=original" width="640" class="align-center"/></a></p>
<center><strong><span class="font-size-1">William Esmond fortified house Wexford, Ireland [Castles of Leinster: Hilltown, Wexford - Mike Searle]</span></strong></center>
<p></p>
<p>William Esmond of Johnstown, County Wexford, made no attempt to go to the safety of his uncle, Lord Esmond's, garrison at Duncannon Many of the local English settlers from the barony of Forth did flee to Fort Duncannon. Many of the prominent men of the barony had gone to Duncannon with Lord Esmond. William Esmond declined the chance to join the Protestants gathering in the fort. On 21 December 1641 William Esmond was in a meeting in the town hall at Wexford and it was voted to raise 800 townsmen as part of the proposed 2000 - 2300 strong county force. From that time on his role and that of his sons John and Peter became more public. In 1642 William took the oath of association and became a county councillor in February or March of that year. John Esmond served served in the county troop of horse led by Captain John Roche, and Peter Esmond served in the local forces. [10]</p>
<p>One set of depositions of the Rebellion of 1641 dealt with William Esmond of Johnstown near the garrison of Duncannon in County Wexford. The investigation revealed evidence against Esmond which showed that he had not fled to the Fort Duncannon for protection. This was only a minor charge in comparison to more serious charges. According to William Stafford deposition - William Esmond had been a Confederation county committeeman. He had also willingly contributed and probably organized financial and arms levies and actively assisted the Confederation's forces at the siege of Fort Duncannon while it was being defended by William's own uncle Lord Esmond. [11] </p>
<p>In the deposition given by William Stafford in 1653, he stressed that William Esmond had not taken goods belonging to Protestants for private gain. Stafford was able to detail some of the seizures made by Esmond in the council's name. He cited the one-third of Nicholas Codd's goods seized in 1642 by troops acting under Esmond's orders. Codd was one of William Esmond's former neighbors. This action was confirmed by Nicholas Stafford, who added that Esmond had also taken goods belonging to Adam Walker. Peter Esmond was also accused of similar activities by witness Nicholas Stafford: of seizing Sir Arthur Loftus cattle and sheep while serving at the siege of Duncannon. In a deposition of Robert Browne of Knockingales, he states that Peter Esmond son and heir of Williamm Esmond was present at Duncannon the day before Christmas day 1641 and with others brought from ye said forte a prey of cowes and sheep. [12] </p>
<p>The Irish needed food and supplies to support the troops during the rebellion. "The rendezvous for the Irish Forces was to be at Shielbaggan about two miles from the Fort Duncannon and Peter Esmond son and heir of William Esmond of Johnstown claims to have been the first to have distinguished himself in pillaging for the Rebel forces. The Examination of Peter Hooper concerning Peter Esmond thrid son and heir to William Esmond of Johnstown Esq. Peter came to the said forte Duncannon to his grand uncle the Lord Esmond and there received from Lord Esmond a certain number of musquets were given him to defend the Castle of Sladd but he distributed them among the Irish forces. Peter Esmond's sister Eleanor was the wife of Robert Redmond of the Hall and this close family tie accounts that Peter Esmonde dwelt in Slade Castle at the outbreak of the rebellion. Castle Slade was not attacked in 1642. In 1642 the English party under Captain Aston were defeated at the old mansion house of Redmond Hall." [13] </p>
<p> <a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84721620?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="750" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84721620?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="750" class="align-center"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><b>Castle Wexford, Ireland built by the Esmond family [Teagasc website]</b></p>
<p>"Martin Codd's son Nicholas, who succeeded him, was not only a Protestant but a Cromwellian as well. At the outbreak of the rebellion in 1641, he fled to Wales with others, leaving his house, goods and corn in the charge of his brother William Codd. William Esmond, who was one of the Confederate leaders, and others came armed with muskets and forced themselves into the house and seized a third of Nicholas Codd's corn for the use of the Irish. The Clougheast, Ballyumphane and Garrylough Codd families remained Catholics and having participated in the Rebellion of 1641, were all dispossessed. James Codd of Clougheast was a captain in the Confederate army in Rossiter's regiment and was killed at Duncannon in 1643. "[14] In an article written by Sir David Goodall " A Divided Family in 1798: The Grays of Whitefort and Jamestown" Robert Gray in a marriage settlement dated 8 October 1733 married Catherine, daughter of Nicholas Codd of Castletown. [15]</p>
<p>The deposition below is given by John Jepson who like Thomas Gray was a tenant and servant of William Esmond. Thomas Gray most likely also remained at his master's house for at least two years during the Rebellion. Jepson states his master gave him relief and entertainment as his servant. [16]</p>
<p>The Examination of John Jepson or Jefson aged 30 concerning Wm Esmond Saith he was servant to the said Wm Esmond at the beginning of the war and knoweth that his Master bought for himself and the use of the Parish 20 musquets 3 cases of pistolls and 1 firkine of powder in the said first year which armes were by his said Master on all occasions delivered out to his servants and others for the Irish against the English and that the said William Esmond was several times before Duncannon with the Irish forces in Armes and that Peter Esmond son and heir of the said William Esmond was then at and against the said forte and he this Deponent heard that the said Peter had a share of the Cowes and sheepe taken from before the forte and saith that he this Deponent being at the fight neere Rosse where the Irish Armie was routed and being forced to fly came to his said Master's house who did there receive him and give him relief and entertainment as his servant in which condition he continued for two years after as a retainer in the said house till Whit Sunday last The Deponent also testifies that William Esmond provided him with a horse and armes and told him that he should have pay from Rahaspeck Parish as a soldier in the Irish Army Deposition dated 26 Dec 1653. [17]</p>
<p>In 1660 William Esmond's land was restored to his sons. "To Peter Esmond and Francis Esmond sons of late William Esmond of Johnstowne county of Wexford restoration to their father's lands and estate in Wexford 21 January 1660. " [18] </p>
<p>There were many descendants of Thomas Gray of Rathaspeck that had military careers both for the Irish and English. Nicholas Gray the Irish Rebel participated in both of the Irish Rebellions of 1798 and 1803. Nicholas Gray was also involved in the War of 1812. Joseph Gray his brother was a magistrate and Captain in the Wexford Militia in 1798. Thomas Gray another brother was also a Captain in the Wexford Militia. John Gray a Captain in the Wexford Militia on July 27th, 1813 married Alicia Margaret Vaugh of Castlerea, County, Roscommon. Loftus Gray served in the 95th Rifle Brigade. Loftus Crosier Gray served on the Union side in the U.S. Civil War. </p>
<p>.Some of the descendants of Thomas Gray, became military physicians. Assistant Surgeon Nicholas Loftus Gray on January 22nd, 1858 was in the 13th 1st Somersetshire Prince Albert's Regiment of Light Infantry.[19] Married June 12 , 1860, at Cape town South Africa, Nicholas Loftus Gray Esq. LRCSI 13th Light Infantry third son of Nicholas Gray Esq. Tennsey park Kilkenny to Mary Ethel fourth daughter of the late Henry John Mant Esq. of Bath and Shrub hill house Box, Wiltshire, England. [20] Henry Loftus Nicholas Gray, eldest son of the late Nicholas Loftus Gray, M.D. M.R.C.S. on June 27, 1890 married Laura Kate, third daughter of Frank Hall, Esq. of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.[21] </p>
<p>John Gray son of the late Nicholas Gray, formerly of Parsonstown King's County, Ireland, left for Australia about 1870. [22] David Mellifont of Mardyke, County Cork married Sophia Ann Gray in Cork 1804. Sophia was the youngest daughter of Nicholas Gray deceased Whitefort Co Wexford.[23 ] Sir David Goodall who was instrumental in negotiating the Irish Peace Agreement was a descendant of the Goodall-Gray families of Wexford, Ireland.</p>
<p>This marriage article was printed in the Quebec, Canada Chronicle: Married on Thursday the 1st of February, 1877 at Rathaspeck, by the Rev James Reed, rector of Wexford, Henry Brown, Esq. of Rathjarney county, Wexford, brother of Captain Brown and grandson of the late Lieutenant Brown, R. N. to Kate Sophia, youngest daughter of the late Captain James Atkins, R. N., of Rose Rock, Wexford and grand-daughter of the late Captain Joseph Gray, of Jamestown House, county Wexford, and great grand-daughter of the late Major Crosier and grand-niece of Captain John and Thomas Gray of Wexford and Wicklow militia and of Lieutenant-Colonel Loftus Gray of the rifle brigade.[24 ] The daily dispatch. Richmond, Va. 1850-1884, April 6, 1877</p>
<p>Joseph Gray the son of Nicholas Gray of Jamestown was admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and promoted to Staff Assistant Surgeon dated 28th August 1862.[25] The Naval and Military appointments of Feb15, 1873 - Staff Assistant Surgeon Joseph Gray promoted to be Staff Surgeon.[26] This article is titled " Killed While Hunting" Surgeon Major Joseph Gray, of the Army Medical Staff, eldest son of the late Major Nicholas Gray of Jamestown House County Wexford, Ireland and brother of Mrs. George Arthur Perrin, of this city [Victoria, Australia] was accidentally killed near Dublin while hunting with the Ward Union hounds. A horse struck him in the abdomen and with internal hemorrhage setting in, he died two hours later. Mr and Mrs. Perrin have the sympathy of their friends in their bereavement.[27]</p>
<p>The house known as the Gray Whitefort House of Co. Wexford can be viewed on the website of Tarquin Blake, "Abandoned Ireland." There are several photos of the house but it is in very poor condition. Joseph White built the Whitefort House sometime in the 18th century. Joyce Sophia married Nicholas Gray in 1768 and the property passed to the Gray family.[28]</p>
<p>1. The Eleven years war 1641-52 - A brief overview by John Dorney</p>
<p>2. The 1641 Depositions and the Irish Rebellion edited Annaleigh Margey, Eamon Darcy, Elaine Murphy</p>
<p>3. The 1641 Depositions and the Irish Rebellion edited Annaleigh Margey, Eamon Darcy, Elaine Murphy</p>
<p>4. The 1641 Depositions and the Irish Rebellion edited Annaleigh Margey, Eamon Darcy, Elaine Murphy</p>
<p>5. The 1641 Depositions and the Irish Rebellion edited Annaleigh Margey, Eamon Darcy, Elaine Murphy</p>
<p>6. History of the Town and County of Wexford: From the Earliest.... Volume 4 by Herbert Francis Hore</p>
<p>7. 1641 Depositions Trinity College Library Dublin, Ireland</p>
<p>8. 1641 Depositions Trinity College Library Dublin, Ireland</p>
<p>9.Depositions Trinity College Library Dublin, Ireland</p>
<p>10. The Civil Wars Experienced: Britain and Ireland, 1638-1661 by Martyn Bennett</p>
<p>11. The Civil Wars Experienced: Britain and Ireland, 1638-1661 by Martyn Bennett</p>
<p>12. The Civil Wars Experienced: Britain and Ireland, 1638-1661 by Martyn Bennett</p>
<p>13. History of the Town and Country of Wexford: From the Earliest - Volume 4</p>
<p>14. A History of the Wexford Codds</p>
<p>15. A Divided Family in 1798: The Grays of Whitefort and Jamestown by Sir David Goodall</p>
<p>16. History of the Town and Country of Wexford: From the Earliest - Volume 4</p>
<p>17. History of the Town and Country of Wexford: From the Earliest - Volume 4</p>
<p>18. Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquess of Ormonde, K.P. - Part 1 by Great Britain Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts </p>
<p>19. The Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register</p>
<p>20. The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle, for the year - Volume 209</p>
<p>21. The Brisbane Conrier Thursday July 10, 1890 - Trove - National Library of Australia </p>
<p>22. The Law Times, Volume 101 1896-Law</p>
<p>23. Mellifont- Gray Marriage Article provided by David Coffey</p>
<p>24. The daily dispatch. Richmond, Va. 1850-1884, April 6, 1877</p>
<p>25. The Lancet</p>
<p>26. The Medical Times and Gazette 1873</p>
<p>27. Victoria Daily Colonist, Thursday, January 5th, 1888 - Victoria, Australia</p>
<p>28. The Abandoned Ireland website by Tarquin Blake</p>Sir David Goodall: Irish Genealogisttag:thewildgeese.irish,2016-08-15:6442157:BlogPost:1978322016-08-15T04:00:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
<p><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84717851?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-left" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84717851?profile=original" width="200"></img></a></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="font-size-5">D</span>avid Goodall was born in 1931</strong>. One side of his family had Wexford ancestors who were on both sides of the 1798 Rising. Though he had no professional involvement in Anglo-Irish relations until 1982, Goodall had a lifelong scholarly interest in Irish and, especially, Wexford history. He was president of…</p>
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<p><strong><span class="font-size-5">D</span>avid Goodall was born in 1931</strong>. One side of his family had Wexford ancestors who were on both sides of the 1798 Rising. Though he had no professional involvement in Anglo-Irish relations until 1982, Goodall had a lifelong scholarly interest in Irish and, especially, Wexford history. He was president of the Irish Genealogical Research Society from 1992-2012.</p>
<p>Goodall was educated at the Ampleforth Benedictine Abbey in Yorkshire, where he early exhibited the talents of the highly accomplished watercolorist he would later become. He earned a First in Classics at Trinity College, Oxford. He joined the British Foreign Office in 1956 and had a brilliant diplomatic career, culminating in his appointment to the vital role of British high commissioner to India in 1987. This was taken from his obituary in The Irish Times.</p>
<p>Mrs Patricia De Bernardi was a genealogist who researched <a href="http://thewildgeese.irish/profiles/blogs/gray-family-of-wexford-ireland" target="_self">the Gray family in County Wexford</a>. The Gray and Goodall families were closely connected in Wexford during 1798. Patricia's work is included in an article written by Goodall, "A Divided Family in 1798: The Grays of Whitefort and Jamestown." [Journal of The Wexford Historical Society 1994-95] I was in contact with Sir David for over 10 years and provided him with research on Nicholas Gray the Rebel. Sir David Goodall published an article in The Past Organ of the Ui Cinsealaigh Historical Society, No. 31, 2011-2012 Edition. The title is " A Postscript to 1798: Nicholas Gray and His Family in America."</p>
<p>Here is a link to Sir David Goodall's obituary in the <strong><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/07/24/sir-david-goodall-diplomat-who-played-a-key-role-in-the-anglo-ir/" target="_blank">The Telegraph</a></strong>.</p>Nicholas Gray Jr: The Wexford Lodge Survives a Yankee Siegetag:thewildgeese.irish,2016-03-07:6442157:BlogPost:1853492016-03-07T14:00:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
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<p><strong><span class="font-size-4">T</span>he Mississippi Territory existed from April 7, 1798</strong>, until December 10, 1817. The Territory had the usual frontier problems of land claims and the establishment of law. The attraction of vast amounts of high quality, inexpensive land ideal for growing cotton attracted hordes of settlers. From 1798 through 1820, the…</p>
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<p><strong><span class="font-size-4">T</span>he Mississippi Territory existed from April 7, 1798</strong>, until December 10, 1817. The Territory had the usual frontier problems of land claims and the establishment of law. The attraction of vast amounts of high quality, inexpensive land ideal for growing cotton attracted hordes of settlers. From 1798 through 1820, the population increased from 9,000 to more than 222,000. After the War of 1812, there was a flood of immigrants, from 1815 through 1819. The migration was mainly because of the high prices for cotton, the elimination of Indian titles to much land, new and improved roads, and the acquisition of new direct outlets to the Gulf of Mexico. The first migrants were traders and trappers, then herdsmen, and finally farmers. In 1817, the Territory was separated into the states of Mississippi and Alabama.[1]</p>
<p>Photo above, Wexford Lodge - Shirley House during the Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi. [Library of Congress]</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray and his wife, Eleanor, survived the rebellions in Ireland and the War of 1812 in the United States. Nicholas had been a successful attorney in Wexford, prior to his participation in the 1798 and 1803 rebellions in Ireland. The following information is taken from an article written by Sir David Goodall, titled" A Divided Family in 1798: The Gray's of Whitefort and Jamestown," located at the Wexford Historical Society. After 1798, Gray, with other rebel leaders, were sentenced to execution. Father Philip Roche, Mathew Keogh, John Colclough, Beauchhamp Bagenal Harvey and Cornelius Grogan were tried and executed, and their heads stuck on spikes over the Wexford courthouse. It is remarkable Nicholas Gray and his brother-in-law, Henry Hughes, escaped death. Captain James Boyd interceded for a pardon and saved Gray's life. They had been friends since Gray's childhood, and he had served as a Yeomen under Captain Boyd. Throughout the 1798 Rising, Nicholas was instrumental in saving the lives of many loyalists in Wexford, including his brother Joseph, a captain in the Wexford militia.</p>
<p>After immigrating, Gray rose to the rank of inspector general in the U.S. Army, and honorably discharged December 3, 1814. On March 30, 1815 Nicholas Gray was appointed register of the land office in the Mississippi Territory. [2] This would prove to be the family's next adventure. His wife, Ellen, became pregnant during the 1803 Rising but her baby died. Henry Gray, their son born in Ireland, served as a midshipmen in the U.S. Navy during the War of 1812 and was promoted to lieutenant April 1, 1818. His last appearance in Navy records indicates that Lt. Henry Gray, residing in Albany, New York, in 1818, and had died, without property. Nicholas and Ellen's children in Mississippi were Nicholas Jr. and Sophia Eleanor. Nicholas Gray Jr. married Ellen N. Rogers in Adams County, on December 18, 1832. Sophia Eleanor married William Moore on August 29, 1821.</p>
<p>Nicholas was assigned to the district west of Pearl River, with its land office at Washington near Natchez. The close of the war brought an influx of settlers and demands for the sale of public lands. Joshua Meigs was the commissioner of the General Land Office. “Meigs arranged for a sale of public lands in Washington in October 1815. On the appointed day the village was overflowing with men interested in the land business. The crowd demanded that Nicholas Gray, the recently arrived register, permit private entries of lands before the formal close of the public sale. The inexperienced register vacillated, unsure of himself and uncertain where to turn for advice, and finally consented. Gray’s conduct of the sale provoked a storm of protest and many charges against his official conduct.” [3]</p>
<p>Gray wrote to Meigs, stating "every man appeared to be only waiting for an opportunity to help himself to his neighbor's settlement." Gray was an outspoken man, full of confidence and inclined to ignore those whose opinions did not agree with his. He defended himself in spirited fashion against the charges of misconduct; and while the commissioner sought the details of the case [on which few could agree], relations among the conflicting parties in Mississippi worsened. The register saw himself surrounded by "a desperate gang of Villains here," and regretted the lack of official protection. In the middle of the investigation, Gray's chief adversary, the former governor, assaulted him in his office. Meig's attitude toward the illegal sales was ambivalent. He was anxious to let affairs quiet down around the Washington land office.[4]</p>
<p>Gray's experience as an attorney prior to the 1798 Rebellion enabled him to adequately defend himself. He wrote a letter to the editor of the Natchez Intelligencer, defending his conduct as register of the the land office, signed and dated "Nicholas Gray, July 5, 1817. [Supplement to the Natchez Intelligencer] "It may be necessary for me to notice a publication signed by Robert Williams [the former Governor] , which appeared in your last paper, addressed to 'The People West of Pearl River.' Intending to take no farther notice of any newspaper publication, I will to my friends, and for the information of such of the people of this Land District as have a knowledge of the land laws, and of the registers duty as an Officer of the treasury, the merits of each case separately, as they have appeared as charges. Nicholas Gray states that no illegal sell of land was done by him or his son Nicholas Gray Jr. who was a clerk at his father's land office. My son has undoubtedly every right to purchase lands -- the arrange of lots he can have no knowledge of, persons who were present at the time of drawing, know the truth of this. Nicholas Gray also denies showing favor to Irish buyers and states no sales took place, but at the same time he states it would give me pleasure to sell a good piece of land to an Irishman."[5]</p>
<p>Former governor Robert Williams had invested heavily in land and had accused Nicholas Gray of favoritism toward his friends. In 1816, Williams "attacked the land register, Nicholas Gray, in his office with a knife. But Williams forgot to take the knife from its sheath, just bruising Gray.” [6] Williams was born in North Carolina. He studied law and became an attorney. In 1803, then-President Thomas Jefferson appointed Williams to the federal commission to determine the legitimacy of land claims in the recently acquired Mississippi Territory. Jefferson appointed Williams governor in May 1805, and he served until the end of Jefferson's term in March 1809. During his term as governor, Williams became unpopular as the result of a dispute with territorial secretary Cowles Mead.</p>
<p>“In spite of the controversy over Gray’s conduct, sales increased. By July 1816, only seven townships in the district remained unoffered. Gray wrote, “The demand for lands since the 1st July seems as great as ever; all payments are made in the Mississippi Stock.” [7] In 1816, a notice was printed in the Niles Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, that Gray, " after having consulted with the governor of the Mississippi Territory, was authorized to invite any number of industrious emigrants into that Country where they would be provided with lands, rent free, for three years and with cattle and corn at the usual rates."[8]</p>
<p>Gray suffered from what was described as consumption. He received harsh treatment in Kilmainham and Wexford prisons after the 1798 and 1803 rebellions in Ireland. While in Kilmainham, "Gray as an attorney knew his entitlements as a State prisoner and wrote regularly to the authorities complaining about the prison conditions."[9] Ellen had made pleas for her husband's life and for better living conditions after both of the rebellions. After the 1803 Rising, "Nicholas Gray was imprisoned for over two years and nine months without giving a confession".[10] His life in America was not always easy or comfortable, as well. None the less he states in his letter to Mr. John Patten. [Thomas Addis Emmet married Jane Patten on Jan. 11, 1791, the daughter of John Patten.] "I should prefer slim visage and empty pockets here, than full ones and fat cheeks in the martials.”[11] Nicholas Gray after living a truly adventuresome life, died in 1819, at the approximate age of 45.</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray Jr. was nominated by John Quincy Adams to be register of the Land Office at Washington, Mississippi, on May 9, 1826. His appointment was confirmed May 10, 1826. [12] “ Rev. Newitt Vick resided in the Open Woods, but his plantation was where Vicksburg now stands. The first settler in the town was his son, Hartwell Vick. He and Nicholas Gray Jr., from Adams County, [son of the old Surveyor General] established a large commercial business. Gray was a man of education. Vick was a man of fine mind, full of enterprise, but ahead of the times. The concern failed.” [13]</p>
<p>In numerous letters written by Nicholas Gray Jr. to Thomas O. Larkin, a relative of his wife [cousin Eleanor Rogers], Nicholas Jr. writes on March 2nd, 1848: "I have resided here since boyhood, have practiced farming, and the cultivation of cotton, sugar and tobacco. I have also practiced surveying and engineering. Now as I have given you a slight sketch of my life, perhaps you can judge how I could succeed in a country like California." [14] In a letter dated February 15th, 1851: "In answer to your enquiry as to my qualifications will say that in early life I was chief clerk in the Surveyor General's Office in Mississippi, and with the preparation for the sale of lands according to the practice,of the Government, familiar with Spanish grants, and others of lands. I am and I have practiced surveying both for the U.S. government as a deputy surveyor, and I have also served in a private capacity, as well as a city engineer and surveyor. During the administration of General Taylor I was highly recommended as I thought for the office of Surveyor General of California. But unfortunately General Taylor died, and a new administration came to power." [15]</p>
<p>In 1851 after California had became a state, Nicholas Gray Jr., then-U.S. deputy surveyor, moved to California to survey Larkin's ranches. Larkin had acquired several land grants and was considered by some to be the richest man in America. Larkin in 1844 was appointed the U.S. Consul for California and was very involved in the politics that preceded the war with Mexico.</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray Jr. discovered gold and quartz gold deposits on several of Larkin's ranches. Nicholas Jr. surveyed the Bay of San Francisco. Map of a survey of lands situated between San Leandro and San Lorenzo Creeks, the Bay of San Francisco and the range of mountains to the east, exhibiting the boundaries of the "Rancho San Leandro" and adjoining lands : [Calif.] / as surveyed by Nicholas Gray, Deputy Surveyor, U.S., November 1855. [16] Gray's Map; by Nicholas Gray; 1856; 4 pages; the map was recorded at the County Recorder 's office as 4 separate pages and each page is available here: NW NE SW SE. This map is of the land in Rancho San Pablo. James Forbes was also associated with the project and sometimes this map is referred to as "Forbes's Map." [17] Nicholas Gray Jr's son Capt. Emmet Gray was the tide observer at Sausalito, Bay of San Francisco, for 25 years. Emmet Gray's obituary states he was born in Mississippi 84 years ago. He came to California in 1849 and has resided here ever since. He leaves a wife and two daughters and was very much esteemed by all who knew him.</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray Jr. purchased land in Vicksburg on August 1, 1837 from his cousin Thomas Henry Goodall on which he built the Wexford Lodge. [ Named in honor of Co. Wexford, Ireland. Located in the “ Vicksburg National Military Park". The only structure in the park to survive the battle of Vicksburg]. Nicholas Gray Jr. deeded the property to Ben Johnson, who in turn deeded it to James Shirley on January 1, 1851. [18] Thomas Henry Goodall was the son of James Goodall and Catherine Isabella [Gray] Goodall of Wexford, Ireland. Another son George O'Neil Goodall also lived at Vicksburg at the time. James and Catherine's daughter Catherine Emily [Goodall] Roberts lived at Vicksburg she had married Abraham Roberts on June 6, 1827 in Wexford, Ireland.</p>
<p>Sir David Goodall who helped negotiate the Irish Peace Agreement is a descendant of this same Goodall family of Wexford, Ireland. During the 1980s, Goodall was one of the most senior British officials representing the United Kingdom negotiating with the Irish government on Northern Ireland. "David Goodall seconded to the Cabinet Office, was the senior Foreign Office representative: a creative but tenacious negotiator of immense intellectual energy and commitment, a gifted water-colorist, with perhaps a deeper knowledge of certain aspects of Irish history - notably Wexford in 1798, whence some of his ancestors had come - than any of us on the Irish side of the table."[19] Goodall was President of the Irish Genealogical Research Society, 1992 -2010 and also Chairman of the Leonard Cheshire Foundation, 1995-2000. The Grays were closely connected to the Goodalls in Wexford, Ireland. The connections between the Goodall and Gray families are described in an article written by Sir David Goodall " A Divided Family in 1798: The Grays of Whitefort and Jamestown". [Journal of The Wexford Historical Society 1994-'95]</p>
<p>James Shirley who purchased "The Wexford Lodge" was a native of Goffstown, New Hampshire and was a wig with a firm allegiance to the Union. While traveling in Mississippi, he met his second wife Adelaine Quincy. She was a native of Boston, Massachusetts. The Shirley's had three children, Quincy, Frederick and Alice. During the Siege of Vicksburg Adelaine refused to abandon the Shirley House. She and Quincy stayed in their home until the battle was over, even though the house was badly damaged. Frederick had fled to Indiana to escape southern hostility toward Union sympathizers. Alice Shirley kept a diary of her experiences during the siege of Vicksburg. [20]</p>
<p>President Lincoln recognized the significance of the town situated on a 200-foot bluff above the Mississippi River. He said "Vicksburg is the key, the war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket." Capturing Vicksburg would sever the Trans-Mississippi Confederacy from that east of the Mississippi River and open the river to Northern traffic along its entire length.[21] </p>
<div id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1444654077984_2544" dir="ltr"><div id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1445175148506_3936" dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1444650256437_2642"><span id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1450094862258_4263"><span id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1450094862258_4265"> </span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1444650256437_2642"><div id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1445556914065_3001"><a href="http://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/kidsyouth/images/john-pemberton2.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/kidsyouth/images/john-pemberton2.jpg" class="align-left" style="padding: 10px;"/></a></div>
<p>Lt. General John C. Pemberton (left)</p>
<p>Commander of the Confederate Army at Vicksburg.</p>
<p>Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton was a native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and a West Point Military Academy graduate. It was because of the influence of his Virginia-born wife, and many years of service in the southern states before the Civil War, that he became devoted to the South. Pemberton was made a Lieutenant General in the Confederate Army and assigned to defend Vicksburg and the Mississippi River. Upon Vicksburg's surrender, he voluntarily resigned his commission and served as a lieutenant colonel of artillery for the remainder of the war, a testimonial of his loyalty to the South.[22]</p>
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<div dir="ltr" id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1444650256437_2642"><a href="http://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/kidsyouth/images/us-grant3.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/kidsyouth/images/us-grant3.jpg" class="align-right" style="padding: 10px;"/></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1444650256437_2642"><p>Maj. General Ulysses S. Grant (right)</p>
<p>Commander of the Union forces during the siege of Vicksburg.</p>
<p>At the outbreak of the Civil War, Grant was working in his father's leather store in Galena, Illinois. He was appointed by the Governor to command an unruly volunteer regiment, where he took immediate control and turned the men into a disciplined group. By September 1861, he had risen to the rank of brigadier general of volunteers. Seeking to win control of the Mississippi Valley, he captured Fort Henry and attacked Fort Donelson in February 1862. When the Confederate commander asked for terms, Grant replied, "No terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted." The Confederates surrendered, and President Lincoln promoted Grant to major general of volunteers. [23] </p>
<p>The Wexford Lodge - Shirley House was In the center of the conflict that raged around Vicksburg in the year 1863. It was the plantation home of Captain Shirley (a native of New Hampshire and a noted Union man). When war came to Vicksburg the fiercest of the fray was around the “Wexford Lodge,” which was called the “White House” by the Federals; and the battery posted there was known officially as the “White House battery.” This house, the only one of the ante-bellum houses now standing on the battle grounds, is known as “The Shirley House,” and is considered the most precious relic of the siege of Vicksburg, and by direction of the Secretary of War will be restored as nearly as possible to its condition at the beginning of the siege. The House formed a familiar landmark to both armies, both from its elevation and color, standing as it does at the point where the first important attack was made May 19, 1863, and where the siege operations began a few days later.[24] </p>
<p>It has been conceded that “Shirley House” is the only truly historic building within the limits of the Vicksburg National Military Park area. The apex of the Confederate lines of defense was also near the Shirley House; and in front of it was the “Third Louisiana Redan.” A Redan is described as a triangular shaped fort with its point sticking out into the battle. This allowed occupying troops to fire into the flanks of an attacking army. The name Third Louisiana Redan comes from the fact that it was manned by the Third Louisiana Infantry Regiment. The fort guarded the Jackson Road, one of the routes to Vicksburg. There were two failed direct assaults on the Confederate lines May 19 and 22, 1863. [25]</p>
<p>After the two battles had taken place on May 19 and 22, there was a truce for a short period of time. "Although his nose had been bloodied a second time, Grant was not yet willing to toss in the towel and lay siege to the city. As he contemplated his next move, Grant left behind his dead and wounded, including many who had been lying exposed since May 19. Exposed to the sun and heat, the bodies of the dead began to bloat and turn black; the stench was sickening. On May 25, white flags appeared along the Confederate line and Union soldiers were hopeful that the city would soon be surrendered. Those hopes were dashed as word quickly spread that a note was passed from Pemberton to Grant "imploring in the name of humanity" that Grant bury his dead as the odor had become quite offensive. A truce was granted for two and one-half hours during which time men in blue and gray mingled between the lines. While the gruesome task of the burial details was completed, it was almost as if there was no war in progress. At the appointed time, however, the flags were taken down and everyone ran for cover. The siege of Vicksburg began in earnest that day."[26]</p>
<p>The siege of Vicksburg lasted from May 19th to July 4th, 1863. Most of the battle took place in front of the Shirley House. General Grant and other Union commanders often used the Shirley House to observe the Third Louisiana Redan. Grant would observe the Confederate movements from the second story windows of the house. The Redan was located approximately 400 yards directly opposite the house. There were small dug outs around the Shirley House where General Logan's men could rest and sleep from Confederate fire. The house was used as the headquarters of the 45th. Illinois. The terms of a surrender where discussed by General Pemberton and General Grant under a tree located on the Shirley property.</p>
<p>General Grant decided to lay siege to the city and wait for the Confederates to run out of ammunition and food. To avoid the slaughter of his own troops Grant's new strategy was to dig trenches towards the Confederate forts. When close enough dig a tunnel underneath and pack it with gunpowder and the blow a hole in the wall of the fort so that Union troops could rush in and take control. The first trench project of the siege was aimed at the Third Louisiana Redan, starting from near the Shirley House, which can easily be seen from the redan. [27]</p>
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<div dir="ltr" id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1444650256437_2642"><div id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1444959683169_5122" dir="ltr"><span id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1448559318246_3259"> </span></div>
<div id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1444959683169_5122" dir="ltr"><span><span><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://npplan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Vicksburg-022.jpg" id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1445777220422_6836" name="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1445777220422_6836"><img src="http://npplan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Vicksburg-022-775x435.jpg" alt="Union troops were digging trenches to the redan from near the Shirley House" id="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1445777220422_6837" name="yiv5487225148yui_3_16_0_1_1445777220422_6837" height="435" width="775"/></a> </span></span><p style="text-align: center;"> The view of the Shirley House from the Third Louisana Redan [ Steve Markos ] </p>
<p>It took two weeks for the trenches to reach the fort. Once there, a forty foot tunnel was dug underneath and packed with 2200 pounds of black powder. Detonation occurred on June 25th, creating a crater 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep. Union troops were lined up in the trenches all the way back to the Shirley House. As soon as the smoke and debris had settled enough to fight, they rushed into the crater area only to be met with Confederate fire. Fighting went on for twenty four hours, but the Union troops could not move forward due to encountering a second wall. As a result of the bloody hand-to-hand fighting in the narrow confines of the crater, it later came to be known as the "slaughter pen". Eventually they retreated back to the Shirley House. Another tunnel was dug and on July 1st 1800 pounds of gunpowder was detonated. However, no attempt to assault the fort was made. The Confederates surrendered the city on July 4th, 1863. [28]</p>
<p>Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. With no reinforcement, supplies nearly gone and after holding out for more than forty days, the garrison finally surrendered. The Confederate surrender following the siege at Vicksburg is sometimes considered, when combined with Gen. Robert E Lee's defeat at Gettysburg by Maj. Gen. George G Meade the previous day, the turning point of the war.[29] </p>
<p> </p>
<p>1. Mississippi Territory - Wikipedia </p>
<p>2.Catalogue of the Papers of James Monroe by Daniel Preston</p>
<p>3. The Land Office Business by Malcolm J. Rohrbough</p>
<p>4.The Land Office Business by Malcolm J. Rohrbough</p>
<p>5. Letter by Nicholas Gray, to The Natchez Intelligencer, July 2nd, 1817. Early American imprints. Second Series. Call Number: MCFICHE 16,676 No. 40952. Letter to the editor, defending his conduct as register of the Land Office. The University of Texas at Austin - University of Texas Libraries </p>
<p>6. Arming America by Michael A. Bellesiles</p>
<p>7. The Land Office Business by Malcolm J. Rohrbough pages 113-115</p>
<p>8. Niles Weekly Register - The South in the building of the Nation-Volume 5, page 599</p>
<p>9.The Emmet Rising in Kildare by Seamus Cullen</p>
<p>10.The Emmet Rising in Kildare by Seamus Cullen</p>
<p>11. Letter from Nicholas Gray to Mr. Patten. Trinity College Library Dublin. Ref Ms 873, [276] researched by Paula Hayes</p>
<p>12. American Memory Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, 1815 - 1829</p>
<p>13. Mississippi, as a Province Territory, and State: Volume 1 by Francis Hamtramck Claiborne</p>
<p>14.The Larkin Papers by Thomas Oliver Larkin, UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library-BANC MSS C-B 37-45</p>
<p>15.The Larkin Papers by Thomas Oliver Larkin, Anna Marie Hager and Everett Gordon Hager, page 391</p>
<p>16. UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library, Collection: Maps of private land grant cases of California</p>
<p>17. Gray's Map: by Nicholas Gray, 1856: 4 pages. El Cerrito Historical Society P.O. Box 304, El Cerrito, Ca 94530</p>
<p>18. Alice Shirley and the story of Wexford Lodge by Terrence J. Winschel</p>
<p>19. Edging Toward Peace : A Report on Peacebuilding in Down District, Northern Ireland - Centre for Peace studies, </p>
<p>University of New England, 1998</p>
<p>20.Eaton-Shirley Family Papers, 1790-1939 Manuscripts Division- William L. Clements -Library University of Michigan</p>
<p>21. Battle of Vicksburg - History Net </p>
<p>22. Vicksburg | National Military Park - Pemberton and Grant </p>
<p>23. Vicksburg | National Military Park - Pemberton and Grant</p>
<p>24.Mississippi Genealogical and Historical Research</p>
<p>25.Vicksburg National Military Park</p>
<p>26.Vicksburg Campaign: Unvexing the Father of Waters by Terrence J. Winschel</p>
<p>27.Vicksburg National Military Park | Third Louisiana Redan</p>
<p>28.Vicksburg National Military Park | Third Louisiana Redan</p>
<p>29.Wikipedia</p>
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</div>Emma Kline: Hoop-Skirt Smuggler During the Siege of Vicksburgtag:thewildgeese.irish,2016-02-06:6442157:BlogPost:1820112016-02-06T13:00:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715924?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-left" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715924?profile=RESIZE_320x320" style="padding: 10px;" width="194"></img></a> <strong><span class="font-size-5">I</span>n 1864, 20-year-old Vicksburg resident Emma Kline was arrested</strong> by Union officials, who were then occupying the city, perched above the Mississippi River in the state bearing the same name. She was charged with the crime of smuggling, one of a group of women engaged in smuggling much-needed supplies out of Vicksburg and into the…</p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715924?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="194" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715924?profile=RESIZE_320x320" width="194" class="align-left" style="padding: 10px;"/></a><strong><span class="font-size-5">I</span>n 1864, 20-year-old Vicksburg resident Emma Kline was arrested</strong> by Union officials, who were then occupying the city, perched above the Mississippi River in the state bearing the same name. She was charged with the crime of smuggling, one of a group of women engaged in smuggling much-needed supplies out of Vicksburg and into the area east of the Big Black River, which was still held by the Confederacy.</p>
<p><em>Image: Vicksburg resident Emma</em> <em>Kline</em></p>
<p>Union authorities created a photograph of Kline with two of her captors, both members of the 5th Iowa Infantry, and published it in the newspapers as a warning to other women involved with smuggling.</p>
<p>It is doubtful that Emma Kline was ever tried for her crime, but she probably spent some time in the Warren County jail, as did many civilians who angered the Union occupation troops in Vicksburg. The entire Kline family was eventually exiled from Warren County. Emma's father was Nineon E. Kline a rich planter who lived in the Redbone community south of Vicksburg.[1]</p>
<p>During the American Civil War mothers, sisters and wives had to adjust quickly to the sudden absence of men. They took control of America’s homes, businesses and plantations. Women on both sides fueled their states’ war efforts. They raised money for weapons, supplies and materiel through the aid societies they founded and ran. Others rolled bandages, sewed banners and made uniforms. Women on both the Confederate and Union sides formed spy rings to obtain valuable information .</p>
<p>Some women famously brought fashion into the war effort. Ladies clothing of the era included crinoline the rigid, cage-like structure worn under skirts that, at the apex of its popularity, could reach a diameters of six feet. Some patriotic women capitalized on their cumbersome and cavernous garments, using them to concealing all manner of goods as they passed through enemy lines. On one occasion, a Southern woman managed to conceal inside her hoop skirt a roll of army cloth, several pairs of cavalry boots, a roll of crimson flannel, packages of gilt braid and sewing silk, cans of preserved meats, and a bag of coffee—quite a tally of contraband. A network of rebel women, led by Confederate courier and spy Belle Boyd, crept about Union camps, gathering thousands of unattended sabers and pistols and tying them to the steel coils of their hoop skirts.[2] <a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715930?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="190" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715930?profile=RESIZE_320x320" width="190" class="align-left" style="padding: 10px;"/></a> Belle Boyd smuggled a veritable arsenal of weapons through Union lines in her spacious hoop skirts. Image credit: Warren Heritage Society[3]</p>
<p>Image: Smuggler Belle Boyd in December 1863</p>
<p>SOPHIA Eleanor 'GRAY' MOORE the daughter of United Irishman Nicholas Gray, was a friend of Mrs.Selina M. Crump in Vicksburg. Sophia was a school teacher and next door neighbor of Mrs. Crump. The two letters listed below were written by Sophia Moore, who was looking after Mrs Crump's home in Vicksburg. Sophia in the second letter dated May 12, 1864 apologizes to Mrs. Crump for not sending articles she had been asking for. Since Miss Emma Kline had been incarcerated Sophia was afraid of sending goods out of Vicksburg. Emma Kline was an attractive 20 year old who with a number of other women risk their lives smuggling supplies out of Vicksburg during the Siege. The area called the "Rebeldom" the area east of the Big Black River was still held by the Confederacy.</p>
<p>During Union occupation, mail from civilians living in occupied Vicksburg to family and friends within the Confederate States depended on an arrangement for civilian "Flag-of-Truce" or other through-the-lines mail. The first U. S. Postmaster at Vicksburg after the surrender was Thomas A. Marshall, who was appointed March 8, 1864. Appointment of this postmaster probably opened up the mails to civilians at Vicksburg to mail service in the United States. [4]</p>
<p>Two covers with enclosed letters from the Mrs. Selina M. Crump correspondence provide examples of mail that was carried by civilians through the lines between Vicksburg and Brandon in 1864 - months after Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, 1863. Mrs. Crump was the widow of Robert H. Crump, who served as Mayor of Vicksburg early in the Confederate period. He died at Vicksburg on August 14, 1861. Sometime after her husband's death and probably during the first river siege of Vicksburg May 18–July 27, 1862, Mrs. Crump moved her family to Brandon for safety from the bombardment. Letters dated March 26 and May 12, 1864, were personal communications from Mrs. Sophia Moore, who was a school teacher, next-door neighbor, and good friend of Mrs. Crump when she was living at Vicksburg.[5]</p>
<p>The second cover is addressed to Mrs. Selina Crump at Brandon. Sophia dated the letter at Vicksburg on May 12, 1864. Miss Roach agreed to take this letter. Manuscript notations on the back of the cover show that the letter was examined and approved by military authorities at Vicksburg on May 18th. A manuscript notation on the cover front shows that it was sent in care of Messrs. Tappan & Manlove. (The July 23rd letter indicates that Tappan, a former merchant at Vicksburg, had a store at Brandon). The letter entered the postal system at Jackson on June 1, 1864, and postage was paid with a Confederate 10¢ Blue Engraved, Type, I stamp. The cover was docketed as received on May 29th. Mrs.Crump must have made an error in her docketing if the manuscript June1st date applied at the Jackson post office was correct. In addition to news about family and friends, Sophia apologizes for not sending the articles that Mrs.Crump had been asking for. Sophia says that she was afraid of breaking the laws against sending things out of Vicksburg inasmuch as the authorities were very strict since Miss Emma Kline had been incarcerated.[7]</p>
<p>1. Civil War Women Smugglers by Maggie MacLean <br/> 2.Heroines, Smugglers and Spies - The Forgotten Contributions of Women to the American Civil War by MilitaryHistoryNow.com written by Karen Abbott <br/> 3. Civil War Women Smugglers by Maggie MacLean <br/> 4.Civil War Postal History of Vicksburg, Mississippi by William S. Parks <br/> 5. Civil War Postal History of Vicksburg, Mississippi by William S. Parks <br/> 6. Civil War Postal History of Vicksburg, Mississippi by William S. Parks <br/> 7. Civil War Postal History of Vicksburg, Mississippi by William S. Parks</p>American Saga of Wexford-Born Immigrant Loftus Crosier Graytag:thewildgeese.irish,2016-01-30:6442157:BlogPost:1816042016-01-30T14:30:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715837?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-center" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715837?profile=original" width="603"></img></a></p>
<p><strong><span class="font-size-5">T</span>he above is a picture of Loftus and Mary Gray,</strong> <strong>my great-great grandparents.</strong> Jack Holt, the husband of Mrs. Billie Jo Holt (who provided the above photo) is also a descendant of Loftus Gray. Jack's maternal grandfather was Walter Gray. The picture was given to Mrs. Holt by Anne Holt and later verified by…</p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715837?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715837?profile=original" class="align-center" width="603"/></a></p>
<p><strong><span class="font-size-5">T</span>he above is a picture of Loftus and Mary Gray,</strong> <strong>my great-great grandparents.</strong> Jack Holt, the husband of Mrs. Billie Jo Holt (who provided the above photo) is also a descendant of Loftus Gray. Jack's maternal grandfather was Walter Gray. The picture was given to Mrs. Holt by Anne Holt and later verified by a Gray cousin named Fred Morrison. Mrs. Holt, along with myself, have researched the life of Loftus Crosier Gray. Loftus married Mary Fitzpatrick of County Carlow, Ireland, on January 14, 1848, in Chicago. He was the son of Capt. Joseph and Bell Inda Crosier Gray of Wexford, Ireland. While in Chicago, his mother, Bell, and sister Fannie both contracted cholera and died. They were buried in Chicago.</p>
<p>Loftus and Mary homesteaded land in both Iowa and Kansas. Loftus Gray was mayor of Gluttenberg, Clayton County, Iowa, in 1852. They settled in Kansas and homesteaded land at Doniphon County, located on the Missouri River. The Territory of Kansas was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until January 29, 1861. The eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Kansas in 1861.</p>
<p>Some of the early settlers in the Kansas Territory were involved in the politics and guerrilla warfare swirling about the issue of Kansas entering the Union as a free or slave state. William Quantrill was a Confederate guerrilla operating in Missouri. Quantrill and his men attacked pro-Union civilians on either side of the Kansas-Missouri border. John Brown gained attention when he led small groups of volunteers in Kansas. Brown believed that the only way to defeat the system of slavery was through violent insurrection.</p>
<p>Many of the people who settled in the Kansas Territory came for land and business opportunities. All settlers in Kansas Territory endured the hardships found on any frontier. They raised crops to feed themselves and their livestock. They built houses and stores and established schools and churches. The weather was often a factor, and a large number of settlers left the territory after the bitter winter of 1856. [1]</p>
<p>Even though the Kansas-Nebraska Act "opened" Kansas Territory for settlement in 1854, a number of people already lived in the area. This included several tribes of Native Americans. Plains Indian tribes -- the Kansas, Pawnees, and Osages -- lived in and moved across Kansas, depending on the season. [2]<a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715917?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715917?profile=original" class="align-right" style="padding: 10px;" width="281"/></a></p>
<p>Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, only visited Kansas once, nearly a year before being elected to that high office. Kansans loved this seemingly quintessential “common man.”</p>
<p>When Lincoln made his one and only Kansas visit in 1859, he seemed like just another politician, aspiring to the nation’s highest office. Most Kansas Republicans favored his better-known rival for the young party’s nomination, William H. Seward. Thus, Lincoln’s trip to the Kansas Territory received only slight press coverage and was relatively brief. His message, nevertheless, was one of significance for the territory and nation at a pivotal moment in our country’s history.</p>
<p>Abraham Lincoln crossed the Missouri River at St. Joseph by ferry and arrived in Elwood, Kansas, on November 30. That evening, he delivered his first Kansas speech at the Great Western Hotel. Lincoln condemned the institution of slavery, which the founders had considered an “evil” institution, and blamed the violence in Kansas Territory on the new policy of “popular sovereignty” as applied to the territories.</p>
<p>The next morning -- a bitterly cold one by all accounts -- Lincoln traveled to Troy, where he spoke for nearly two hours in the early afternoon, and then went on to Doniphan, some 10 miles away, where he delivered another speech and spent the night. Friday morning, December 2, Lincoln traveled to Atchison, arriving in the afternoon. At 8 p.m., he addressed a large crowd in the auditorium of the Methodist Church for 2 hours and 20 minutes.</p>
<p>The news of John Brown’s execution reached the territory during Lincoln's visit. Lincoln thought Brown had “shown great courage, rare unselfishness.” But, along with most Americans of the day, Lincoln believed Brown had gone too far. “Old John Brown has just been executed for treason against the state. We cannot object,” Lincoln reasoned, “even though he agreed with us in thinking slavery wrong. That cannot excuse violence, bloodshed, and treason. It could avail him nothing that he might think himself right.” [3]</p>
<p>Loftus Gray enlisted as a private August 19, 1862 at Troy, Kansas, where Lincoln had given a speech in 1859. He joined Company B, 13th Regiment, Kansas Volunteer Infantry. The Thirteenth was raised in conformity to the quota assigned to Kansas, under President Lincoln's call of July 1862.</p>
<p>The 13th Kansas Infantry was organized on September 10, 1862, at Camp Stanton in Atchison, Kansas. Under the command of Colonel Thomas Mead Bowen, the regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Frontier.</p>
<p>While Loftus was a member of the 13th. they were involved in action at Newtonia, Missouri, on September 29, 1862; the battle of Cane Hill on November 28th; and the Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, on December 7, 1862. In the Battle of Prairie Grove, the command was forced to cross a rapid mountain stream several times, resulting in numerous soldiers' deaths due to exposure. They continued in an expedition over the Boston Mountains to Van Buren, Arkansas, Dec. 27-31.[4]</p>
<p>Loftus Gray, while on the march in the winter of 1862 from Atchison to Cane Hill, Arkansas, a distance of more than 300 miles, contracted a severe cold. Loftus developed a fever, which caused inflation of the lungs. This led to heart disease with weakness and trembling. Loftus Gray, at 45 years of age, received a discharge from the U.S. Army on March 17, 1863, in Springfield, Missouri. The discharge document states he was born in Wexford, Ireland, and that his occupation when he enlisted was a farmer.</p>
<p>In an affidavit dated August 20, 1881, James Floyd states he knew Loftus Gray from 1857 to his enlistment in 1862. Loftus was a farmer, worked on the St. Joseph & Topeka Railroad and also on building a levee located at the Wharf in the town of Doniphan, Kansas. Loftus was examined by surgeon Wheeler of Troy, Kansas, and was pronounced in good health before entering the service. On his return from service, he was not able to perform manual labor except for light work. In another affidavit, dated September 10, 1881, August Katner states that he had been well acquainted with him and neighbors of Loftus from 1858 to 1871 in Doniphan County, Kansas. August also states Loftus was only able to perform light work after his discharge from the Army such as driving a team. [5]</p>
<p>Loftus Gray Jr. remained in Kansas to farm while Loftus and Mary, with their children, moved to Woodson County, Kansas in 1871. They homesteaded 80 acres and built a 1 1/2-story house. Fifty acres of the land were plowed and cultivated. They also dug two wells, built a shed and stable. They set out 900 fruit trees. With Loftus in poor health his wife Mary and the children had to do a lot of the manual labor.</p>
<p>The Gray family in 1883 by way of the Oregon Trail, settled for a time in Oregon. Loftus and Mary then moved to Smith River, California, before finally settling in Crescent City, California.</p>
<p>Mary Gray's obituary states she died at the age of 103 years, 6 months and 12 days. Mary was born in County Carlow, Ireland, on Sept 15, 1823. She came with her parents from Ireland when she was a young girl. Her parents were Miles Thomas and Julia Kelly Fitzpatrick. They first landed in Quebec, and they moved on to Chicago. Mary received her husband's Civil War pension of $50 a month. In many ways, Mrs. Gray was a remarkable women and was possessed of unusually keen faculties, which she retained practically to her dying day. Even in her old age, Mary insisted on doing some kind of work. Being one of the very few people who would pass the century mark, she had many visitors and there were articles written in magazines and papers in the United States about her. Mary attracted extra attention as the oldest pensioner living in the United States.</p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715943?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84715943?profile=original" class="align-center" width="640"/></a></p>
<p>The inscription on Loftus Crosier Gray's tombstone reads [Sacred to the memory of Loftus C Gray Veteran of late War, Youngest son of Capt. Joseph Gray and beloved husband of Mary Gray, Born in County Wexford, Ireland, April 13, 1813. Died at Crescent City, CA. December 5th, 1897]. Mary and several of their children are also buried there in the Pioneer Cemetery in Smith River, California. It is a scenic location, with a lily farm adjacent to the cemetery. Fred Morrison's parents are buried there and a son named Joseph, who rode for the Pony Express.</p>
<p>1. Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society <br/> 2. Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society <br/> 3. Kansapedia Kansas Historical Society <br/> 4. 13th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry – Wikipedia <br/> 5. National Archives Washington, D.C</p>'I Sleep Every Night Almost at the Muzzle of the British Cannons' -- 1812's Battle of Queenston Heightstag:thewildgeese.irish,2015-09-17:6442157:BlogPost:1703482015-09-17T19:00:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714170?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-full" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714170?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="680"></img></a></p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700206?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-left" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700206?profile=original" style="padding: 10px;"></img></a> <span class="font-size-2"><strong><span class="font-size-5">I</span>n 1812, in the first summer of America's 'second War of Independence' with Britain,</strong> a valuable survey describing the whole Niagara Frontier was made by Irish immigrant Nicholas…</span></p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714170?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="680" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714170?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="680" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700206?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700206?profile=original" class="align-left" style="padding: 10px;"/></a><span class="font-size-2"><strong><span class="font-size-5">I</span>n 1812, in the first summer of America's 'second War of Independence' with Britain,</strong> a valuable survey describing the whole Niagara Frontier was made by Irish immigrant Nicholas Gray, a colonel in the United States Army. </span></p>
<p><em>Pictured, an image that is believed to be that of Nicholas Gray.</em></p>
<p><span class="font-size-2"> In Gray's report to General Van Rensselaer, he details the British defenses at the border between Ontario, in British North America, and New York state. Gray points out the places an American invasion would be impossible and places where a crossing might be achieved. Included in his report was a full-page pen-and-ink map with the possible crossings of the Niagara River, from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, marked.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-2">The report was datelined, Lewiston, August 31, 1812, suggesting that the eventual attack was made at Lewiston because of the opinions given in this document, as Gray enlarges on the possibility of crossing there, and describes the approaches to Queenstown. He noted the distance from there of the British main force. The Battle of Queenston Heights was fought six weeks after the date of this document. [1]</span></p>
<p>Fort Gray, named after the colonel, contained two 18-pounder long guns, two 6-pounder field guns and two 5.5-inch mortars, all near the landing stage, which helped support the American crossing of the Niagara River during the Battle of Queenston Heights, fought October 13, 1812.</p>
<p>Gray arrived in the Niagara Frontier on July 18, and stated the enemy had thrown up batteries on the south and north approaches to Queenston. "The enemy unfortunately have the commanding ground everywhere," he reported. "The absolute want of all sorts of working tools has prevented the troops from taking measures absolutely necessary to their protection. They have been in the want of everthing. The tents and supplies have not as yet arrived, but also expected is some artillery."</p>
<p>In an August 20 letter to one Mrs. Codd, likely an Irish immigrant and relative living in Buffalo, N.Y., Nicholas stated: "I sleep every night almost at the muzzle of the British Cannons. I have built three batteries which have placed the quarters of our troops in security -- one at Lewiston, one at Black Rock here, and one opposite Fort Erie. The country around here is beautiful and picturesque. I write you on the bank of the Niagara River, two miles or so from Lake Erie." </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-1"><strong>(Below: map of the area around Fort Gray)</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714310?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="680" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714310?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="680" class="align-center"/></a></p>
<p>Gray continued: "I have been highly flattered by receiving the thanks of the Generals on the lines for the exertions I have made in making their situation secure. General Van Rensselaer feels secure even under the guns of the enemy at Queenston, and Colonel Swift, who commands here, has no terror, as he has a battery or two of his own. The inhabitants of Buffalo wish for a one-gun battery to protect their town.</p>
<p>"From the battery located at Brown's Point, about two miles from Queenston on the Canadian side, Oct 14th, 1812. About half an hour before daylight yesterday morning, Tuesday, the 13th, October. I heard a heavy Cannonading from Fort Gray, situated on the height of the mountain on the American side and commanding the town of Queenston." [2] [3]<a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714377?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="400" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714377?profile=RESIZE_480x480" width="400" class="align-right" style="padding: 10px;"/></a></p>
<p><em>(Pictured: The Battle of Queenston Heights, by James B. Dennis. From the Library and Archives Canada.)</em></p>
<p>According to author Peter Porter in his book <span>"Landmarks on the Niagara Frontier; a Chronology," w</span>hen the War of 1812 was declared, there were only three United States forts on this frontier: Niagara, in an "excellent state" at the Niagara's mouth; the Black Rock Blockhouse; and Schlosser, which was "valueless."</p>
<p>At this same period, according to Porter, the only fortifications on the Canadian shore was Fort George, a strong fort at the Niagara's mouth, and Fort Erie at its source.</p>
<p>In October 1812, hostilities erupted along the Niagara River, and it was reported that there were 100 cannons on the Canadian frontier, brought in by the British anticipating war. This explains how they could establish so many batteries along a very sparsely settled frontier.</p>
<p>According to Porter:</p>
<blockquote><p>After the declaration of war in August 1812, the Americans built Fort Tompkins [or Adams as it was also called] on the top of the bluff, at the bend of Niagara Street, in the city of Buffalo. It was a rather pretentious earthwork mounting seven guns, and was the largest of several fortifications erected during that summer along the shore in the villages of Buffalo and Black Rock -- the others being known as 'batteries' and enumerated further on. The Americans at this time also built, on the brow of Lewiston Mountain, near the edge the gorge, a substantial earthwork called "Fort Gray" after its builder, Nicholas Gray.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714509?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="400" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714509?profile=RESIZE_480x480" width="400" class="align-left" style="padding: 10px;"/></a></p>
<p><span class="font-size-1"><strong>(Pictured: The death of General Brock at the Battle of Queenston Heights by John David Kelly - National Archives of Canada)</strong></span></p>
<p>The first actual hostilities of that war along this frontier occurred on October 13, 1812, in the battle Queenston Heights; on the same day Forts Niagara and George bombarded each other, and Forts Tompkins and Erie did likewise. A month later Fort George, and several batteries that had been constructed near it, again opened fire on Fort Niagara; that fort, with its adjacent batteries, replied in kind. It is recorded that 2,000 cannon balls were fired at Fort Niagara, within the space of one day, besides 180 shells. That fort's reply, while spirited, was not so great numerically, but was more effective. A cannonade lasting a whole day, during which fully 3,000 cannon balls were fired, at a range of not over three-quarters of a mile, in which only about half a dozen men were killed and very few wounded. As a result of which neither fort was seriously damaged. "But it was war -- bitter war -- at close range," according to a letter found in the archives of the Army adjutant general. [4]</p>
<p>At this same point in time, Gray's youngest brother, Loftus, was a member of the British Rifle Brigade. The Rifle Brigade was a change in tactical doctrine for the British. They needed to think for themselves and also were chosen for being better shots. Loftus joined the Brigade in 1800 the year the 95th. Rifles were formed. They dressed in green Jackets with black belts and were seen as the special forces of the day. Because of the green jackets, the French referred to them as "the Grasshoppers." The men of the 95th were equipped with the accurate Baker Rifle. These soldiers were trained to fight in pairs and use the ground for cover from enemy positions. Loftus Gray of the Rifle Brigade was severely wounded at the Battle of Tarbes, France, in 1814. He was wounded in the lip and part of his heal was missing. Lieut. Col. Loftus Gray was appointed Governor of Pendennis Castle on July 25, 1832, and died on August 20, 1835.<a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714525?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="250" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714525?profile=RESIZE_320x320" width="250" class="align-right"/></a></p>
<p><span class="font-size-1"><strong>(Pictured: The Brock Memorial on Queenston Heights)</strong></span></p>
<p>Governor Tompkins had sent his personal assistant to the Niagara Frontier to perform various duties. Gray was an experienced Irish engineer, artillerist and surveyor. Nicholas Gray also was Inspector General of New York 3rd District. In a letter dated February 5th,1814, to the Secretary of War John Armstrong, Gray states: "I have been ordered by the Inspector General office Washington for the arrest and trial of Doctor Ackerly, Hospital Surgeon. Directing me to take proper measures to present charges and furnish the list of witnesses. If you are pleased to allow me the aid of a Lawyer. With my multiplicity of duties it will enable me to discharge more punctually the duties of the district."</p>
<p>In a letter dated Feb 10, 1814, to the Secretary of War John Armstrong Gray states "a great and beneficial change has taken place in the Military Hospital. More could be done but for the clashing of the departments. With the arrest of Dr. Ackerly, I have drawn upon my back some powerful opponents. My hopes are rested Sir, with you and the government -- and my consolation is having impartially done my duty." </p>
<p>On Feb 13, 1814, in another letter to the Secretary of War John Armstrong, Gray continues: " I am induced to write you this letter, from the ground that Doctor Ackerly and his friends have taken with relation to the pending Court Martial. I have heard from undoubted authority, that an objection to my competency as prosecutor, is to be made on the score of my not being a Naturalized Ctizen of these States. Not withstanding my appointment by The President and Senate. In a few months I shall have the honor to be entitled to naturalization, by the laws of this country. I hold as Inspector General a situation of the highest trust. I should humbly suppose, in case I do not betray that trust or neglect the duties of my office, that, I am entitled to the protection of the Executive, and as so entitled, cannot fail of meeting its entire support. I beg laws to observe, that I am hourly threatened by the host of friends and family connections, of Doctor Ackerly. I feel confident of protection in the discharge of my duty. I wish to serve the goverment of my adopted Country faithfully and guard the rights of the invalid soldiers, who fight her battles, and whose speedy return to duty, is of so much consequence at this moment to the district."[6]</p>
<p>To the Secretary of War John Armstrong from Inspector General Office April 23, 1814, New York 3rd District. "Some time since, I have the honor to transmit to you, by order of Brig General Porter, a list of the rejected recruits of this district and a return of such Soldiers as were unfit from disease, for service. It has been my practice in all cases to have with me an Army Surgeon to examine the recruits and to reject such as we found unfit for the service, but no man has been rejected who ought to be retained. The object of this letter is to state to you Sir, the awkward situation in which I have been placed by the General Command of this district. Soon after the list of Soldiers I have mentioned to you, had been returned to Headquarters, General Dearborn ordered a review of the rejected recruits, and as I am informed, authorized Colonel Bogarden to use his own discretion in retaining such as he thought proper. My information is from the Colonel who at Sandy Hook, took the role of these rejected men, and separated from it those he thought fit to retain. I argued on the spot against this irregularity and think I have now exonerated myself from consequences of the transaction. Sir, to say that so long as I did my duty I should have your support."[7 ]</p>
<p>Honorable John Armstrong, Aug 6, 1814: " I have the honor to again assist you, that this morning I have been ordered under arrest by the Commanding General, upon charges of which a copy is forwarded by Col. Denniston and which all originate in Malice against me for the strict performance of my duties. I only desire impartial men upon the court and such as are not frantic enough to accuse the government for having employed me." [8] The 3rd Military district of the U.S. Judge Advocate's office: "Sir, the charges against Col. Nicholas Gray Inspector General of this District having been withdrawn by the prosecution, Charles Humphrey, and for discharging the prisoner from his arrest. Henry Wheaton Judge Advocate."[9]</p>
<p>Col. Alexander Denniston was a native of County Longford, Ireland. Alexander along with his brother Hans were United Irishmen who like Nicholas Gray, led rebels in the Irish rebellion of 1798. Nicholas had a list of witnesses in his defense for the Court Martial trial who also wrote letters of endorsement. A letter to James Monroe, Secretary of State, delivered by Gray's friend General Porter December 22, 1814: "Gray writes it would be an honor to fill a position of importance and respectability. No man can perform the duties of Inspector General, without making many enemies -- losing many friends and gaining very few." [10]</p>
<p>In a letter to President James Madison, March 1st, 1815. Memorial of Col. Nicholas Gray - That your, memorialist has been employed since the commencement of the War in the service of the United States. That he served on the Niagara Frontier in the year 1812 as a volunteer, part of the time in the capacity of Engineer, and towards the latter part of the year, by the appointment of General Smyth Commanded the artillery in Fort Niagara until discharged. Commanded the [27th] Regiment of Infantry. Since then appointed to the General Staff residing in New York. He would be interested in either a Civil or Military position to support his family."[10]<a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714622?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="300" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714622?profile=RESIZE_320x320" width="300" class="align-left" style="padding: 10px;"/></a></p>
<p>Thomas Addis Emmet (pictured), another Irish immigrant, brother of Irish martyr Robert Addis Emmet and veteran of 1798, adds to Nicholas Gray's memorial to Madison on March 1st, 1815: "My long and intimate acquaintance with Col. Gray, I take the very great liberty of adding to his Memorial. That I know its content are to be strictly true. I know him to be a intelligent, faithful and meritorious Officer. With his increased debt and a family to support. I have come with the respectful reference. My conviction, that he will discharge the duties of any office he may be appointed. He will undertake with zeal, fidelity and intelligence. [11] " After inspection of the troops by Colonel Nicholas Gray, the Inspector General was honorably discharged from the Military service of the United States Army on December 3, 1814, with the thanks of Governor Tompkins."[12] </p>
<p>On March 30, 1815, Nicholas Gray was appointed register of the land office in the Mississippi Territory. In a letter dated Nov 16, 1815, by Nicholas Gray to Brigadier General Parker from the Land Office of Washington, Mississippi: "Gray describes his friend's disturbing state of health. Lieut. Dumas of the Army Corp of Engineers - New Orleans District. Who is dangerously sick at Natchez, Ms. He has the appearance of the yellow fever but it is not that disease. Since my last letter I have succeeded in getting him to my home here in Natchez and have the pleasure to say that he has recovered."[12]</p>
<p>Henry Gray was born in Ireland and his mother Ellen describes their trip to America as dangerous. She states that they had some narrow escapes with their lives. Governor Tompkins describes Henry as a fine and intelligent young man. Henry became a Midshipman on January 1st., 1812, and served on the USS Essex. In the War of 1812, the USS Essex under Captain David Porter was very successful until the Battle of Valparaiso, on March 28th, 1814.</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray to JM April 25, 1817: Washington, Mississippi Territory solicits promotion to lieutenant in the Navy for his son Henry Gray. Letters received by the Secretary of the Navy. Henry was promoted to Lieutenant (on) April 1, 1818. His last appearance on the records of the Navy Department showed - Lieutenant Henry Gray of Albany, New York in 1818 was reported by the United States Navy as dead and that he had left no property. Located at: "Niagara Falls [Ontario] Public Library"<a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714902?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="300" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84714902?profile=RESIZE_320x320" width="300" class="align-right" style="padding: 10px;"/></a></p>
<div id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1441060287533_5966" dir="ltr"><span class="font-size-2">1. [Letter from Nicholas Gray to General Van Rensselaer (right), dated August 31, 1812. A. Conger Goodyear War of 181 Manuscripts, Mss. Book - 11, Vol. B. Battle of Queenston. Collection of Research Library, Buffalo @ Erie County Historical Society.]</span></div>
<div dir="ltr"></div>
<div dir="ltr"><span class="font-size-2">2. [ From the Documentary History of the Campaign: Niagara Frontier in the year 1812, Volume 1; page 193 Inspector General Nicholas Gray to Governor Tompkins, Black Rock, August 19, 1812</span></div>
<div dir="ltr"></div>
<div dir="ltr"><span class="font-size-2">3. [The Wild Geese: <a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1441242770494_25531" target="_blank" href="http://thewildgeese.irish/profiles/blogs/nicholas-gray-irish-rebel-war-of-1812-land-office" name="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1441242770494_25531">Nicholas Gray: Irish Rebel - War of 1812 - Land Office</a> Lieut. Colonel George McFeeley to Brigadier General Smith. "Lieut. Colonel Gray commanded the artillery. The unremitting attention paid to his duty proves him an Officer whose zeal and science do honor to himself and country; to this gentleman I feel much indebted for the manner he acquitted himself."[3]</span></div>
<div dir="ltr"></div>
<div dir="ltr"><span class="font-size-2"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4. [ "Landmarks on the Niagara Frontier; a chronology"] 6.[ Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General, 1805-1821]</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr"></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1441060287533_5966"><span class="font-size-2">5. [Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General, 1805 - 1821]</span></div>
<div id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1442379996177_7017"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1440904432423_2590"><span class="font-size-2">6. [Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General, 1805 - 1821]</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1440904432423_2590"><span class="font-size-2">7. [Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General, 1805 - 1821]</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1440904432423_2590"><span class="font-size-2">8. [Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General, 1805 - 1821]</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1440904432423_2590"><span class="font-size-2">9. [Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General, 1805 - 1821]</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1440904432423_2590"><span class="font-size-2">10. [Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General, 1805 - 1821]</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1440904432423_2590"><span class="font-size-2">11. [The Military Society of the War of 1812 - 1895-131 pages]</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1440904432423_2590"><span class="font-size-2">12. [Fold3: Letters Received by The Office of The Adjutant General, 1805 - 1821]</span></div>
</div>
<div id="yiv0155672288yui_3_16_0_1_1441395982826_3411"></div>Nicholas Gray: Irish Rebel - War of 1812 - Land Officetag:thewildgeese.irish,2013-09-21:6442157:BlogPost:506902013-09-21T14:00:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700206?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-left" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700206?profile=original" width="283"></img></a> I believe the portrait at left is Nicholas Gray.</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray was an attorney in Co. Wexford, Ireland and in 1795 married Elinor Hughes. His life changed dramatically when he took part in the 1798 Rebellion as the Secretary to the Rebel Council of Wexford and also as Aide -de-Camp to Beauchamp Bagenal Harvey in 1798. Mrs Patricia De Bernardi was a genealogist who…</p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700206?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700206?profile=original" width="283" class="align-left"/></a>I believe the portrait at left is Nicholas Gray.</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray was an attorney in Co. Wexford, Ireland and in 1795 married Elinor Hughes. His life changed dramatically when he took part in the 1798 Rebellion as the Secretary to the Rebel Council of Wexford and also as Aide -de-Camp to Beauchamp Bagenal Harvey in 1798. Mrs Patricia De Bernardi was a genealogist who researched the Gray family in Co. Wexford. Patricia’s work is included in an article written by Sir David Goodall “ A Divided Family in 1798: The Grays of Whitefort and Jamestown”. [Journal of The Wexford Historical Society 1994-’95] Nicholas Gray had a close association with Robert Emmet and was appointed leader of the troops of Co. Kildare in the 1803 Rebellion. Nicholas Gray had to flee Ireland because of his rebel principles. These experiences in Ireland prepared Nicholas Gray for his service to America in the War of 1812. <span>The other Gray family researcher's in the U.S. include Mrs. Billie Jo Holt, an excellent researcher, Peggy Dyas, Annette Avila and Charlotte Gray.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p> My Dear Mr Patten,</p>
<p> I must first tell you that my poor wife, children arrived here safe after some narrow chances for their lives, and when they arrived I was gallivanting about two hundred miles from New York and knew nothing of their arrival until by chance I happened to come to Town when your dear sister wished me joy of their safe arrival. I nearly had a cent when I met them. The great and good Mr Emmet [Thomas Addis Emmet brother of Robert Emmet] released me out of my difficulties and has been a father to us since and the situation I have now obtained is through his interest. We lived in the city of Hudson about 130 miles from New York for some time on his bounty for I almost cut my foot off splitting a junk of wood with a damned axe, and was laid up for three months. I separated the great toe of my left foot smack off together with the ball of the foot but as soon as I got the boot off I bound it again together and when it could bleed no more, then I was three months near lame, then when I recovered we got the existence I now have. I support tolerably my family upon 400 dollars yearly or 90 British that I earn by walking four miles each day to Town, for I live in the summer house of a friend, not as yet being able to afford to rent one mile from the City of Albany; there at nine in the morning, home at one dine, and back at two, stay there till five quill driving, and then home. I have not the best furnished house in the neighborhood, I unquestionably have the most elevated, for I am more than one thousand yards above the highest steeple in the city of Albany among the larks, sometimes basking in a well-aired cloud. We once complained of receiving 1s/11d a day from Government when in Kilmainham, but unfortunate man you never know when you are well off, where in this free country a large family can be supported upon 81/2d per day each, how could you grumble you ingrate at 1s/11d nearly three times as much, and had nothing to do but eat beef, drink whisky and make songs! But if I live till spring I shall have my salary doubled. Give my best respects to all our old acquaintances - Hicks, Cassin, Ridway, Tandy, Long, my good old friend Coile. I have not heard anything of poor Harvey Hughes since my family arrived. May every happiness that visits the abode of mortals be yours is the prayer of me and my family, your and my dear friends the beloved Emmets are all well. Did you know Mr. Thomas Traynor who once made an extraordinary escape out of the Castle? He is now here and is well, all of his family are well also, they live about 10 miles from here. [Nicholas Gray had thoughts of returning to Ireland if he could avoid persecution and the further danger of prisons.] I am an Officer of the State and hold my situation under the supreme Court. Yours Nicholas Gray. The above is taken from a undated letter from Nicholas Gray of Wexford to Mr Patten. Written some years after 1803, the year of Robert Emmet’s uprising in Dublin. This letter was discovered by Paula Hayes of Ireland located at the Trinity College Library Dublin. [1]</p>
<p> Documents located in The National Archives of Ireland show - Document dated: 3-16-1804 Nicholas Gray imprisoned at Kilmainham, Dublin. Crime Description: Treasonable practices. Convict has a wife and family, and resides in Co. Kildare. States he is an Attorney by profession and had a practice in Co. Wexford before the 1798 rebellion after which he bought a farm in Co. Kildare. Document dated: 11-5-1804 Nicholas Gray imprisoned at Kilmainham, Dublin. Crime Description: Being involved in the rebellion in Co. Kildare. Comments: Letter Recommending that the convict be detained for questioning. States convict resides in Athy, Co. Kildare. Document dated: 4-7-1799 Nicholas Gray imprisoned at Wexford . Crime Description: Administering unlawful oath. Comments: Calendar of convicts confined In Wexford Goal.[2]</p>
<p> </p>
<p> Nicholas Gray was the private secretary to Governor Daniel D. Tompkins who also became Vice President. Nicholas served briefly with the New York Militia as an engineer. He also was Inspector General of New York 3rd District. His son served as a Midshipman in the Navy during the War of 1812.</p>
<p> The Governor to Thomas Addis Emmet Touching A Legal Matter, Albany, Dec 20, 1811.” Our friend General Gray has had a sad time of it since he returned from New York. I have just visited him and find him recruiting very fast.”[3] Whether in Ireland or the U.S. Nicholas Gray was an effective recruiter of new troops. Nicholas Gray to JM " October 1,1814 wants to recruit a Brigade of free blacks in New England and New York.” Nicholas Gray to JM " September 29, 1814 recommends John P Emmet for appointment to the Military Academy".[4] "John Patton Emmet was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point on Oct 1, 1814. Resigned in early 1817 because of ill health. John Patton Emmet was born in Dublin, Ireland, April 8, 1796. The son of Thomas Addis Emmet he was seven years old when arriving in this country. In 1822 he received his medical degree from the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. [5 ] In Ireland Nicholas Gray was a member of the the Council consisting of eight men to Direct the Affairs of the People of the County of Wexford. "Gray, secretary of the Council, wrote on June 16, 1798 to Fr. Philip Roche, the new Commander in Chief, desperate for reinforcements for his Southern Army which had almost melted away since the Battle of Ross: Dear Citizen,...We have, however, now issued orders, desiring all unmarried men to repair to camp immediately. Gray's word's were no empty claim. Obedience was enforced with such effect that four days later this army was back in shape sufficiently to fight the Battle of Horetown which lasted four and a quarter hours when the shortage of gunpowder again forced the Wexfordmen to withdraw. The Southern Army was back in business as Gray had predicted. The Republic"s writ still ran."[6]</p>
<p> The Governor’s Special Plea for the Appointment of Master Gray, as Midshipman in the Navy, Albany January 16, 1812. “ Genl. Gray, the father, officiates as my private Secretary, and is a gentleman of unblemished reputation, of amiable manners and a good family. The son is a sprightly, intelligent, amiable youth as any with who I am acquainted”.[7] </p>
<p> General Gray, The Governor’s Secretary, Detailed to Assistant General Wadsworth in a Staff Capacity Albany, July 6, 1812. “I have requested Mr. Gray who is well acquainted with those subjects to repair to Niagara and to confer and advise with you and the other officers,in establishing the necessary regulations upon that subject and in planning any other operations which may be deemed necessary in the service upon which you have entered. Mr. Gray has seen service in Ireland in the capacity of General of Brigade and has made Military science his study. He is possessed of a manuscript treatise upon the duties of Staff Officers & upon the details of Garrison, Camp & field duty, which will be very useful. He is a gentleman of respectable family, and amiable character and of Military education and qualities." [8]</p>
<p> The Governor Introduces General Gray to Colonel Swift, Albany, July 8, 1812. D'r Sir: The bearer General Gray repairs to Niagara in consequence of a request which was made by Genl. Wadsworth. He has seen actual service, is an Engineer and Artillerist & well qualified to be useful at the Niagara Station. He is not assigned to any specific Command or duty, but repairs there at my request, with a view to be useful as his knowledge or experience will enable him. He has a son in the service of his Country, and is willing to devote himself to her service also. [ 9]</p>
<p> </p>
<p> Nicholas Gray was introduced To General Porter July 8, 1812. “ Public papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of New York, 1807 - 1817” He has made Military matters his study and was Lieut. General of the Irish Patriots. He is a gentleman of a patriotic turn, is ambitious of being useful to his adopted Country and is a man of modesty, information and amiable deportment. You will find him a good Engineer and Artillerist. He likewise sketches well and is well qualified to Organize the staff.”[10]</p>
<p> This is taken from a letter written by Nicholas Gray to Mrs.Codd of Buffalo, New York dated Aug 20, 1812. Mrs. Codd was most likely a relative from Wexford, Ireland. " My Dear Madam, When I left your hospitable - I made you a promise to write to you from headquarters but in truth I have been so fully occupied here ever since my arrival in so various employments. I could not collect sufficient sentiment from War and destruction to compose a letter to a Lady of feeling. I sleep every night almost at the muzzle of the British Cannons. I have built three batteries which have placed the quarters of our troops in Security - one at Lewiston, one at Black Rock here, and one opposite Fort Erie. The country around here is really beautiful and picturesque. I write you on the Bank of the Niagara River, two miles or so from Lake Erie. I live at the Quarter Master Generals, Porter. To Mr. Traynor give my best respects. I got a dreadful shaking coming down here, and had some of my old wounds opened. But now never had better health in my life. My dearest Ellen and children are all well. Mr. Emmet has been ill but is now quite well thank providence God preserves him to his amiable family. General Van Rensselaer his aid Solomon V R and secretary breakfast to here on Thursday last on their way to Lewiston Headquarters. When you write to me [you see I expect a letter from you] direct to Genl. Gray Headquarters, Lewiston. My dear Women the - Spirit take you into his protecting care and your little ones. Sincerely your friend Nicholas Gray. [11]</p>
<p> </p>
<p> In Nicholas Grays own words. From the Documentary History of the Campaign: Niagara Frontier in the Year 1812, Volume 1, Part 1:</p>
<p>Pages 139-141: "Inspector General Nicholas Gray to Governor Tompkins,</p>
<p>Headquarters, Lewiston, July 22, 1812-Dear Sir, I arrived here on the 18th</p>
<p>inst. And was received with every mark of attention and respect, and yesterday</p>
<p>visited the garrison, accompanied by General Wadsworth, whose anxiety for the</p>
<p>necessary camp equipage, artillery, arms and ammunition is very great. We have</p>
<p>some fine companies of infantry here without belts or cartridge boxes, and all</p>
<p>without uniform except a very handsome company of light infantry raised by</p>
<p>Captain Dox of Geneva, and to which evidently every attention has been paid?"</p>
<p> </p>
<p>"The enemy have thrown up redoubts on the south and north approaches to</p>
<p>Queenston, which command our camp, stores, headquarters and etc. They appear to</p>
<p>have in each of them an 18-pounder, and the one on the south side has been</p>
<p>leveled at the general's quarters ever since I came here; the distance about</p>
<p>nineteen hundred yards? The enemy unfortunately have the commanding ground</p>
<p>everywhere, and even at the garrison commanded by Captain Leonard, who, I</p>
<p>believe, is an excellent officer?"</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Page 140: "?General Wadsworth has this morning ordered a military school both</p>
<p>for officers and soldiers which you know is much wanting. He pays unwearied</p>
<p>attention to the troops, and a system is forming which has for its object the</p>
<p>organization of the staff and camp duties. Indeed he is most deficient in his</p>
<p>most necessary officer, who is absolutely incapable and negligent. I mean his</p>
<p>brigade inspector, who seems to be in a dream from morning till night. I should</p>
<p>strongly recommend the removal of this gentleman, and some capable officer put</p>
<p>in his place. His name is Keyes. To the incapacity of this officer the want of</p>
<p>due organization is owing in a great measure?"</p>
<p> </p>
<p>"?the absolute want of all sorts of working tools has prevented the troops</p>
<p>taking measures absolutely necessary to their protection. They have been in</p>
<p>want of everything, and have great fortitude and zeal to bear their privations</p>
<p>so well. The camps are pretty healthy. Out of 402 men, the sick returns are 35?"</p>
<p> </p>
<p>"?A citizen of the States came over yesterday morning with two others, and</p>
<p>informed the General that a party of Indians had passed over to Grand Island</p>
<p>for the purpose of destroying the military stores along the shore from Black</p>
<p>Rock. Your two letters I had the honor of delivering to Colonel Swift [LUTHER's</p>
<p>colonel], and the promotion of Major Miller was well received. He appears to be</p>
<p>a good officer?"</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Page 141: "?The militia of Canada, we understand, have been allowed to go home</p>
<p>to the harvest, and I know not a more applicable or better chosen time can</p>
<p>occur to overwhelm them than just now, if the troops were prepared and in</p>
<p>sufficient numbers to ensure victory. General Hall has not arrived here as yet,</p>
<p>but is expected to march this day from his home. The tents and etc, have not as</p>
<p>yet arrived, but are also expected, as is some artillery?" (Tompkins Papers,</p>
<p>Vol. VII, pp. 502-6, New York State Library.)[12]</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> Nicholas Gray supervised the construction of several batteries on the American side. One of the batteries was named Fort Gray in his honor located at Lewiston and with two 18 pounder long guns helped support the American crossing of Niagara River during the Battle of Queenston Heights on October 13, 1812.</p>
<p> “From the battery located at Brown’s Point, about two miles from Queenston on the Canadian side, Oct 14,th, 1812. About half an hour before daylight yesterday morning, Tuesday, the 13 th. October. I heard a heavy Cannonading from Fort Gray, situated on the height of the mountain on the American side and commanding the town of Queenston.” [13]</p>
<p> Lieut.- Colonel George McFeeley to Brigadier General Smith. “ Lieut. Colonel Gray commanded the artillery. The unremitting attention paid to his duty proves him an Officer whose Zeal and Science do honor to himself and country; to this gentleman I feel much indebted for the manner he acquitted himself.” [14] </p>
<p> </p>
<p> Letter written to Genl. Alex’r Smyth - Private Secretary Gray Commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel and Assigned to Command By The Governor. Buffalo, October 26, 1812. “ Sir: Nicholas Gray holds the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Militia of this State by virtue of a commission as my Aid De Camp. That Commission would not perhaps justify his assignment to the command of any particular Corps in the line of the Militia without the consent of all the Officers of such Corps. Having been employed in public service on this frontier during the months of July, August, and September having seen Military service, he will be well qualified to take the command of a Detachment of Militia.”[15]</p>
<p> During the months of July, August, and September of 1812 Nicholas Gray made a survey of the whole Niagara Frontier. " On August 31, 1812 Nicholas Gray notifies General Van Rensselaer about the Combustible telegraph located on the Canadian side of the Niagara river. A system of beacons was established from Lake Erie to Queenston and thence to Pelham Heights by which messages could be sent during the daytime by means of colored balls or flags or at night-time by burning wood in a basket hung on a pole". [16]</p>
<p> “Nicholas Gray, who was inspector general of New York the following year, with the rank of colonel, and who was then acting engineer, made a valuable reconnoissance of the whole frontier. His manuscript report to General Van Rensselaer is before me. His outline map, accompanying the report, I found useful in constructing the Map of the Niagara Frontier on page 382.” [17]</p>
<p> Battle of Queenstown, 1812. " The Original Manuscript Report by Nicholas Gray [signed] to Gen. Van Rensselaer describing the Niagara frontier, detailing the positions of the British defences, the places where a crossing would be impossible and where a crossing might be forced, accompanied by a full page pen and ink map with the possible crossings of the Niagara River from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario marked. Dated Lewiston, August 31, 1812. It is evident that the attack was made at Lewiston from the opinions given in this document, as Col. Gray enlarges on the possibility of crossing there, describes the approaches to Queenstown, and notes the distance from there of the British main force. The battle was fought six weeks after the date of the document". [18]</p>
<p> The Governor Closing up his Accounts with the Paymaster General, Albany, January 20, 1814. “Lieut. Col. Gray the present Inspector of the 3rd. District, was in service in 1812, for the period stated in his account. He was the Engineer who built the Fort at Lewiston, called “ Fort Gray” that at Black Rock occupied by Swift’s Regiment and after wards had a command in the line on the frontier under General Smyth.” [19]</p>
<p> Nicholas Gray had survived the Rebellions in Ireland to fight his fellow Irish countrymen in the War of 1812. " After the suppressed rebellion of 1798, Ireland had become a prime recruiting ground for the British army. Pushed by poverty, recruits sought food, clothing, pay and a way out of Ireland. The Forty-first foot included dozens of captured rebels of 1798, who had agreed to enlist to avoid the gallows. In 1813 most of the reinforcements sent to Upper Canada also came from Ireland. The Irish-American officers included such veterans of the 1798 rebellion as Nicholas Gray, the army's inspector general and Alexander Denniston, who commanded the Twenty-seventh Infantry, primarily composed of Irish recruits from New York City. Gray aptly described Denniston as " a Gentleman who has fought and beaten the Enemies of America in his native Country and now doubly are [his] enemies."[20]</p>
<p> " In 1812, New Jersey had more than 35,000 men of military age, 2500 of them in uniformed militia companies. As the War of 1812 continued, more New Jersey militiamen were called to duty to help protect the states coast from the British blockading fleet. Active duty militia strength reached 3,529 men in December 1814, with thousands more drilling monthly in preparation for such duty.</p>
<p> The documents relating to Hulick's position as Captain in the New Jersey Militia during the War of 1812. Includes a letter dated New Brunswick, May 2, 1813 and signed by Inspector General Nicholas gray, outlining Hulick's responsibilities as a Captain in the Militia". [21]</p>
<p> Robert Malcomson in the preface of his book "A Very Brilliant Affair " writes " I hope these pages reveal their personalities and predilections while also giving new insights into the actions of such previously shadowy figures as William Wadsworth and Nicholas Gray". [22] A shadowy figure accurately describes the life of Nicholas Gray both in Ireland and America. </p>
<p> This is taken from the Military Society of the War of 1812 -1895-131 pages “ After inspection of the troops by Colonial Nicholas Gray, Inspector- General U.S.A., was honorably discharged from the military service of the United States Army on December 3, 1814, with the thanks of Governor Tompkins.” [23]</p>
<p> On “March 30, 1815 Nicholas Gray was appointed register of the land office in the Mississippi Territory” [24] Nicholas Gray was assigned to the district west of Pearl River, with its land office at Washington near Natchez, the close of the war also brought an influx of settlers and demands for the sale of public lands”. [The Land Office Business by Malcolm J. Rohrbough]. “ Meigs arranged for a sale of public lands in Washington in October 1815. On the appointed day the village was overflowing with men interested in the land business. The crowd demanded that Nicholas Gray, the recently arrived register, permit private entries of lands before the formal close of the public sale. The inexperienced register vacillated, unsure of himself and uncertain where to turn for advice, and finally consented. Gray’s conduct of the sale provoked a storm of protest and many charges against his official conduct.” [25] </p>
<p> Letter to the editor, defending his conduct as register of the the land office, signed and dated: Nicholas Gray, July 5, 1817. [Supplement to the Natchez Intelligencer] It may be necessary for me to notice a publication signed by Robert Williams, which appeared in your last paper, address to " The People West of Pearl River". Intending to take no farther notice of any news paper publication, I will to my friends, and for the information of such of the people of this Land District as have a knowledge of the land laws, and of the registers duty as an Officer of the treasury, the merits of each case separately, as they have appeared as charges. Nicholas Gray states that no illegal sell of land was done by him or his son Nicholas Gray Jr. who was a clerk at his father's land office. My son has undoubtedly every right to purchase Lands - the arrange of lots he can have no knowledge of, persons who were present at the time of drawing, know the truth of this. Nicholas Gray also denies showing favor to Irish buyers and states no sales took place, but at the same time he states it would give me pleasure to sell a good piece of land to an Irishman. The first application for forfeited lands was made by Mr. Jeremiah Hunt to Mr. Walton, during the sales in 1815 - it was for a tract on the Mississippi forfeited by Robert Williams, and had been as Mr. Hunt said mortgaged to him. Mr. Walton wrote the application, and Mr. Hunt signed it, upon which a very abusive altercation took place in my office between Williams and Walton. When Williams vowed eternal vengeance against Walton, and said he would at every sale, endeavor to annul the entire of the sales. [26] “In 1816 former governor Robert Williams attacked the land register, Nicholas Gray, in his office with a knife. But Williams forgot to take the knife from its sheath, just bruising Gray”. [27] Ex Governor Robert Williams had invested heavily in land and had accused Nicholas Gray of favoritism towards his friends.</p>
<p> “In spite of the controversy over Gray’s conduct, sales increased. By July 1816 only seven townships in the district remained unoffered. Gray wrote, “The demand for lands since the 1st. July seems as great as ever; all payments are made in the Mississippi Stock”. [28]</p>
<p> In 1816 a notice was printed in the Niles Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, that Colonel Nicholas Gray, after having consulted with the governor of the Mississippi Territory, was authorized to invite any number of industrious emigrants into that Country where they would be provided with lands, rent free, for three years and with cattle and corn at the usual rates".[ 29]</p>
<p> Nicholas Gray suffered from what was described as consumption. His harsh treatment in Kilmainham and Wexford Goal prisons had created health problems . His life in America was not always easy or comfortable. None the less he states in his letter to Mr. Patten “ I should prefer slim visage and empty pockets here, than full ones and fat cheeks in the martials”. [30] Nicholas Gray after living a truly adventuresome life died in 1819, at the approximate age of 45. </p>
<p> Nicholas Gray Jr. states -Natchez Ms. ,December 26, 1823.” I certify that I was employed by Thomas Freeman,late surveyor of the lands of the United States south of the State of Tennessee, as a clerk in his office, before the month of May 1821”. [31 ] Nicholas Gray Jr. was nominated by John Quincy Adams to be Register of the Land Office at Washington, Mississippi on May 9, 1826. His appointment was confirmed on May 10, 1826. [32]</p>
<p> Nicholas Gray Jr married Ellen N. Rogers in Adams County December 18, 1832. Sophia Eleanor the daughter of Nicholas Gray married William Moore August 29, 1821. [33] “ Rev. Newitt Vick resided in the Open Woods, but his plantation was where Vicksburg now stands. The first settler in the town was his son, Hartwell Vick. He and Nicholas Gray Jr., from Adams county, [son of the old Surveyor General] established a large commercial business. Gray was a man of education. Vick was a man of fine mind, full of enterprise, but ahead of the times. The concern failed.” [34]</p>
<p> Nicholas Gray Jr. purchased land in Vicksburg on August 1, 1837 from T.H. Goodall on which he built the " Wexford Lodge". [ Named in honor of Co. Wexford, Ireland. Located in the “ Vicksburg National Military Park”. The only structure in the park to survive the battle of Vicksburg]. Nicholas Gray Jr. deeded the property to Ben Johnson, who in turn deeded it to James Shirley on January 1, 1851. [35] T.H. Goodall was a cousin to Nicholas Gray Jr. Thomas Henry Goodall was the son of James Goodall and Catherine Isabella [Gray] Goodall of Wexford, Ireland. Another son George O'Neil Goodall also lived at Vicksburg at the time. James and Catherine's daughter Catherine Emily [Goodall] Roberts lived at Vicksburg she had married Abraham Roberts on June 6, 1827 in Wexford, Wexford Ireland. "This Indenture, Made and Entered into This Seventh day of December, 1837 between the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Vicksburg, Abraham Roberts and Nicholas Gray, of the sum of Seventy Five Dollars, have this day granted, bargained and sold, unto the said A Roberts & N Gray and to their heirs and assigns forever, known and designated on the plat of the Grave Yard of the City of Vicksburg, as Lot number Twenty One being by estimation forty feet square. " [36 ] </p>
<p> [Nicholas Gray to Thomas Oliver Larkin] Vicksburg 2nd. March 1848. “As you are relative of my wife [cousin Eleanor Rogers formerly] and frequently mentioned by her. I will introduce myself to your acquaintance. I have resided here since boy hood, have practiced farming, and the cultivation of cotton, sugar and tobacco. I have also practiced surveying and engineering. Now as I have given you a slight sketch of my life, perhaps you can judge how I could succeed in a Country like California. You perceive that I can do a little of most everything. I should be pleased to here from you soon, altho it will be many months before I can expect news from your side of the world.” [37]</p>
<p> [Nicholas Gray to Thomas Oliver Larkin] St. Louis, Mo February 15th, 1851. " In answer to your enquiry as to my qualifications will say that in early life I was Chief clerk in the Surveyor General's Office in Mississippi, and with the preparation for the sale of lands according to the practice, of the Government, familiar with Spanish grants, and others of lands. I am and I have practiced surveying both for the U.S. Government as a Deputy Surveyor, and I have also served in a private capacity, as well as a city engineer and Surveyor. During the administration of General Taylor I was highly recommended as I thought for the office of Surveyor General of California. But unfortunately General Taylor died, and a new administration coming to power." [ 38 ]</p>
<p> [Nicholas Gray to Thomas Oliver Larkin ] Saint Louis August 27, 1851. “Since the reception of your letter I have been quite busily employed in my preparation for my departure for San Francisco and hope to be there about the middle of October or first November at farthest. I intend going via New Orleans and the Isthmus.” [39]</p>
<p> Nicholas Gray Jr. moved to California to survey the ranches of Thomas O Larkin. Larkin had acquired several land grants. Thomas O Larkin in 1844 was appointed the US Consul for California and was very involved in the politics that preceded the war with Mexico. In 1850 Thomas Larkin built the first brick building in San Francisco at 1116 Stockton Street. Nicholas Gray Jr. discovered gold and quartz gold deposits on several of Larkin's ranches. [Nicholas Gray to Thomas Oliver Larkin] Hamilton June 12th, 1852. " Dear sir, There are not over one hundred acres arable land within this portion of country - all hills and mountains, and ravines, rich in gold and I believe also rich in quartz gold".[ 40 ] This map is located at [UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library. Collection: Maps of private land grant cases of California] “ Map of a survey of lands situated between San Leandro and San Lorenzo Creeks, the Bay of San Francisco and the range of mountains to the east, exhibiting the boundaries of the “ Rancho San Leandro” and adjoining lands: California as surveyed by Nicholas Gray, Deputy Surveyor, U.S., November 1855.” [41]</p>
<p> "Gray's Map: by Nicholas Gray, 1856: 4 pages: the map was recorded at the County Recorder's office as 4 separate pages and each page is available here NW NE SW SE . The property owners of Rancho San Pablo are believed to have commissioned this map to help understand exactly who owned which pieces of land in Rancho San Pablo. Nicholas Gray was U.S. Deputy Surveyor. A James Forbes was also associated with the project and sometimes this map is referred to as "Forbes's Map". There was also one other person who is listed as having participated in this project but his name is unknown". [42 ]</p>
<p> </p>
<p> The Marin County Great Register of 1880. " Shows Emmet Gray, son of Nicholas Gray Jr., the age of 44, born in Ms., as a govt. employee and local residence of Richardson".[43] Capt. Emmet Gray was the Tide Observer at Sausalito, Bay of San Francisco. "Capt. Emmet Gray was in the service of the government for a quarter of a century as Tidal Observer; and during that time he performed his duties with marked ability and complete satisfaction to the engineers under whom he served."[44]</p>
<p> Loftus Crosier Gray was the nephew of Nicholas Gray Sr. and the son of Capt. Joseph and Bell Inda Crosier Gray. Loftus Gray married Mary Fitzpatrick of Co. Carlow, Ireland on January 14, 1848, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois. Mary was the daughter of Miles and Julia Fitzpatrick. Loftus and Mary homesteaded land in both Iowa and Kansas. Loftus Gray Jr. remained in Kansas while the rest of the family made the journey to California by way of the Oregon Trail. Loftus Gray was Mayor of Gluttenberg, Clayton County, Iowa in 1852. Loftus enlisted as a private on August 19, 1862 at Troy, Kansas. He was in Company B, 13th Infantry Regiment Kansas. Loftus received a disability discharge in March 1863 in Springfield, Mo. Loftus Crosier Gray participated in the battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas on December 7, 1862. The command was forced to cross a rapid mountain stream several times, resulting in numerous deaths from exposure. The inscription on his tombstone reads [ Sacred to the memory of Loftus C Gray Veteran of late War, Youngest son of Capt. Joseph Gray and beloved husband of Mary Gray, Born in County Wexford, Ireland, April 13, 1813. Died at Crescent City, Ca. December 5th, 1897].</p>
<p> </p>
<p>1.[ Letter from Nicholas Gray to Mr. Patten. Trinity College Library Dublin. Ref Ms 873, [276] researched by Paula Hayes]</p>
<p>2.[The National Archives of Ireland Bishop Street, Dublin 8, Ireland]</p>
<p>3.[Public papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, governor of New York, 1807-1817, Volume 2 - Page 39]</p>
<p>4.[Catalogue of the Papers of James Monroe by Daniel Preston]</p>
<p>5.[University of Virginia by Paul Brandon Barringer, James Mercer Garnett,and RoseWell Page. Volume 1, page 345.</p>
<p>6.[Wexford in 1798: A Republic Before Its Time by Brian O' Cleirigh]</p>
<p>7.[Public Papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of New York, Volume 2]</p>
<p>8.[Public Papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of New York, 1807-1817, Volume 3- Page 12]</p>
<p>9.{Public Papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of New York, 1807-1817, Volume 3- Page 17]</p>
<p>10.[Public papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of New York, 1807 - 1817 Volume 3- Page 19]</p>
<p>11.[Letter by Nicholas Gray to Mrs. Codd, Buffalo, Aug 20, 1812. B.A.G. Fuller Autograph File. fms Am 1603 [142], Houghton Library, Harvard University]</p>
<p>12.[Tompkins Papers, Vol. VII, pp. 502-6, New York State Library]</p>
<p>13.[From Lady’s Edgar’s Ten Years of Upper Canada pp. 150-6.] </p>
<p>14. [ From the Historical Register of the United States 1813, Vol 11, pp. 116-8.]</p>
<p>15. [Public Papers of Daniel D Tompkins, governor of New York, 1807-1817, Volume 3- Page 172]</p>
<p>16.[British generals in the War of 1812: high command in the Canadas by Wesley B. Turner.page 200. A.Conger Goodyear,War of 1812 MSS,box 2,V.7]</p>
<p>17. [Pictorial Field-Book of The War of 1812. By Benson J. Lossing] </p>
<p>18.Letter from Nicholas Gray to General Van Rensselaer, dated August31,1812. A. Conger Goodyear War of 1812 Manuscripts, Mss. BOO-11, Vol. B. Battle of Queenston. Collection of Research Library, Buffalo & Erie County Historical Society]</p>
<p>19. [Public Papers of Daniel D Tompkins, governor of New York, 1807- 1817, Volume 3- Page 424]</p>
<p>20 .[ The Civil War of 1812 American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies by Alan Taylor]</p>
<p> </p>
<p>21.[Princeton University Library. Manuscripts Division. John Hulick Collection 1812 - 1826}</p>
<p>22.[ A very Brilliant Affair The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812 by Robert Malcomson]</p>
<p>23.[The Military Society of the War of 1812-1895-131 pages]</p>
<p>24.[Catalogue of the Papers of James Monroe by Daniel Preston]</p>
<p>25.{ The Land Office Business by Malcolm J. Rohrbough. pages 113 -115]. </p>
<p>26[ Letter by.Nicholas Gray, to The Natchez Intelligencer, July 2nd, 1817. Early American imprints. Second Series. Call Number: MCFICHE 16, 676 No. 40952 . Letter to the editor, defending his conduct as register of the Land Office. The University of Texas at Austin - </p>
<p> University of Texas Libraries.]</p>
<p>27.[Arming America by Michael A. Bellesiles].</p>
<p>28.[The Land Office Business by Malcolm J. Rohrbough. pages 113-115].</p>
<p>29. [Niles Weekly Register- The South in the building of the Nation-Volume 5, page 599]</p>
<p>30.[Letter from Nicholas Gray to Mr. Patten. Trinity College Library Dublin. Ref Ms 873, [276] researched by Paula Hayes]</p>
<p> </p>
<p>31.{American State Papers-House of Representatives, 19th Congress,2nd Session Public Lands: Volume 4.]</p>
<p> </p>
<p>32.[ American Memory Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, 1815- 1829]</p>
<p>33.[ A Divided Family in 1798: The Grays of Whitefort and Jamestown” by Sir David Goodall. Journal of The Wexford Historical Society 94-95]</p>
<p>34.[ Mississippi, as a Province Territory, and State: Volume 1 by Francis Hamtramck Claiborne]</p>
<p>35[Alice Shirley and the story of Wexford Lodge by Terrence J. Winschel]</p>
<p>36.[Abraham Roberts and Nicholas Gray, Deed 1838, Natchez Trace Small Manuscript Collections. Box 2E1003]</p>
<p>37.[The Larkin Papers By Thomas Oliver Larkin, UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library-BANC MSS C-B 37-45]</p>
<p>38.[ The Larkin Papers by Thomas Oliver Larkin, Anna Marie Hager and Everett Gordon Hager, page 391]</p>
<p>39.[The Larkin Papers By Thomas Oliver Larkin, UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library-BANC MSS C-B 37-45]</p>
<p>40.[The Larkin Papers by Thomas Oliver Larkin and George Peter Hamend. Volume 1X 1851-1853, page 107]</p>
<p>41. [UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library. Collection: Maps of private land grant cases of California]</p>
<p>42. [Gray's Map: by Nicholas Gray, 1856: 4 pages. El Cerrito Historical Society P.O. Box 304, El Cerrito, CA 94530]</p>
<p>43. [ Marin County Genealogy - The Marin County Great Register of 1880]</p>
<p>44.[Sausalito News, Volume 12, Number 8, March 28, 1896 - A Faithful Officer.]</p>Gray Family of Wexford Irelandtag:thewildgeese.irish,2013-07-30:6442157:BlogPost:351012013-07-30T03:30:00.000ZDon Grayhttps://thewildgeese.irish/profile/DonGray
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700006?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-left" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700006?profile=RESIZE_480x480" style="padding: 10px;" width="400"></img></a> My family visited Wexford in June of 2008. We rented a car while in Wexford and on the second day drove out to see the Jamestown House Stud Farm. My ancestor Joseph Gray built the house at the farm in 1811. Another Gray house is located at Whitefort. The ruins can be seen on the website of Tarquin Blake, "Abandoned Ireland." We enjoyed driving around Co.Wexford to view the…</p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700006?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="400" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700006?profile=RESIZE_480x480" width="400" class="align-left" style="padding: 10px;"/></a>My family visited Wexford in June of 2008. We rented a car while in Wexford and on the second day drove out to see the Jamestown House Stud Farm. My ancestor Joseph Gray built the house at the farm in 1811. Another Gray house is located at Whitefort. The ruins can be seen on the website of Tarquin Blake, "Abandoned Ireland." We enjoyed driving around Co.Wexford to view the country side and also the historical sites. After only three days we had to leave and took a bus to Killarney. There we met up with our friends and continued our trip through Ireland.</p>
<p><span class="font-size-1"><strong>(Killarney Castle - left)</strong></span></p>
<p>Capt. Joseph Gray was a member of the Yeomam Cavalry in 1798; later a Captain in the Wexford Militia and a Magistrate. Thomas Gray was also a Captain in the Wexford Militia in 1798. The younger brother was Nicholas Gray, an Attorney at Law. I have been researching Nicholas for a number of years and was fortunate in finding the research of Mrs. Patricia De Bernardi, who was a genealogist. Her research is included in an article written by Sir David Goodall " A Divided Family in 1798: The Grays of Whitefort and Jamestown". [Journal of The Wexford Historical Society 1994-'95]<br/> <a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700045?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="250" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700045?profile=RESIZE_320x320" width="250" class="align-right"/></a></p>
<p>Nicholas was the Secretary to the Rebel Council of Wexford and also was Aide-de-Camp to Beauchamp Bagenal Harvey <span class="font-size-1"><strong>(seen right in a political cartoon)</strong></span> in 1798. Nicholas had a close association with Robert Emmet and was appointed leader of the troops of Co. Kildare in the 1803 Rebellion. In a document dated 4-7-1799 Gray was imprisoned at Wexford Goal for administering an unlawful oath. In another document dated 3-16 -1804 he was imprisoned at Kilmainham for treasonable practices and being involved in the rebellion in Co. Kildare. Nicholas Gray was spared from execution due to family connections. We visited Kilmainham on our trip to Ireland in 2008.</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray had to flee Ireland due to his rebel principles. When he arrived in America he had little money and no place to live. Gray states in a letter to Mr. Patten, "The great and good Mr. Emmet [Thomas Addis Emmet brother of Robert Emmet] has released me out of my difficulties and has been a father to us since the situation I now have obtained is through his interest. I am an officer of the state and hold my situation under the supreme court."</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray became the private secretary to Governor Daniel D. Tompkins, who also became Vice President. Nicholas served briefly with the New York Militia as an engineer. He also was Inspector General of New York 3rd. District. His son served as a Midshipman in the Navy during the War of 1812.</p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700206?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="250" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700206?profile=RESIZE_320x320" width="250" class="align-left" style="padding: 10px;"/></a>Nicholas survived the rebellions in Ireland to once again fight the British in the War of 1812. In this war he would also be fighting against his follow Irish countrymen. In a letter Governor Tompkins states: The Governor's Secretary, detailed to Assistant General Wadsworth in a Staff Capacity Albany, July 6, 1812. "Mr Gray has seen service in Ireland in the capacity of General of Brigade and has made Military science his study. He is a gentleman of respectable family and amiable character." In letters written by Governor Tompkins to American officers Gray is described as a man of modesty, information and amiable deportment. You will find him a good Engineer and Artillerist. He likewise sketches well and is well qualified to Organize the staff.</p>
<p><span class="font-size-1"><strong>(Left: an image that is believed to be that of Nicholas Gray.)</strong></span></p>
<p>Nicholas Gray supervised the construction of several batteries on the American side . One of the batteries was named Fort Gray, in his honor, located at Lewiston and with two 18 pounder long guns which helped support the American crossing of the Niagara River during the Battle of Queenston Heights on October 13, 1812. Lieut. Colonel Gray commanded the artillery.</p>
<p>During the months of July, August and September of 1812 Nicholas Gray made a survey of the whole Niagara Frontier. On August 31, 1812 Gray notifies General Van Rensselaer about the combustible telegraph located on the Canadian side of the Niagara River. In a letter to Mrs. Codd of Buffalo, New York [A relative from Wexford, Ireland] he writes "I sleep every night almost at the muzzle of the British Cannons.”</p>
<p>Nicholas was an effective recruiter of new troops and held a command in the line on the frontier under General Smyth. This is taken from Military Society of the War of 1812 - 1895. "After inspection of the troops by Col. Nicholas Gray, Inspector General U.S.A. was honorably discharged from Military service of the United States Army on December 3, 1814, with the thanks of Governor Tompkins."</p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700230?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="250" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/84700230?profile=RESIZE_320x320" width="250" class="align-right" style="padding: 10px;"/></a>On March 30, 1814 Nicholas Gray was appointed register of the land office in the Mississippi Territory. He was assigned to the district west of Pearl River, with its land office at Washington near Natchez. " In 1816, former governor Robert Williams <span class="font-size-1"><strong>(right)</strong></span> attacked the land register, Nicholas Gray, in his office with a knife. But Williams forgot to take the knife from its sheath, just bruising Gray." [This is taken from “Arming America” by Michael A Bellesiles]. Ex Governor Robert Williams had invested heavily in land and had accused Nicholas Gray of favoritism towards his friends.</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray suffered from what was described as consumption. His harsh treatment in Kilmainham and Wexford Goal prisons had created health problems. His life in America was not always easy or comfortable. None the less, he states in his letter to Mr. Patten, "I should prefer slim visage and empty pockets here, than full ones and fat cheeks in the martials." Nicholas Gray, after living a truly adventuresome life, died in 1819, at the approximate age of 45.</p>
<p>Nicholas Gray Jr. also worked in the land office and was a surveyor. Nicholas Jr. purchased land in Vicksburg on August 1, 1837 from T.H. Goodall on which he built the "Wexford Lodge" [Named in honor of Co.Wexford, Ireland]. It is located in the "Vicksburg National Military Park”. The only structure in the park to survive the battle of Vicksburg. Nicholas Jr. along with his family moved to California in the 1850's were he became a U.S. Deputy Surveyor. His son Emmet Gray was the Tide Observer at Sausalito, Bay of San Francisco for 25 years.</p>
<p>Loftus Crosier Gray was my GG grandfather and enlisted for the Civil War August 19, 1862 at Troy, Kansas. Loftus was in Company B, 13th Infantry Regiment Kansas. The inscription on his tombstone reads “Sacred to the memory of Loftus C. Gray Veteran of late War, youngest son of Capt. Joseph Gray and beloved husband of Mary Gray, Born in County Wexford, Ireland, April 13, 1813. Died at Crescent City, Ca. December 5th., 1897.”</p>
<p>Sir David Goodall has published an article in The Past "Organ of the Ui Cinsealaigh Historical Society" No. 31, 2011 - 2012 Edition. The tittle " A Postscript To 1798: Nicholas Gray and His Family In America."</p>
<p></p>